為因應快速變動的市場環境，企業在面臨矛盾情境時必須發揮既有的資源並同時找尋新的競爭優勢，而陰陽理論(Yin-Yang perspective)之概念也因而在近年來備受重視。過去的研究中，聚焦於矛盾領導(paradoxical leadership)對於部屬行為之影響進而提升組織績效，而本研究則是以陰陽理論觀點出發，將陰陽、矛盾以及雙歧三者之概念結合，並且探討公司層次矛盾領導對單位層次單位績效之影響。此外，在兩者間的多層次中介與調節機制也將在本研究中進行探討。本研究的研究對象為58位管理者、116位員工，分別隸屬於58個部門及29間公司。採用多層次結構方程模型分析(Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling, MSEM)進行統計分析。研究結果顯示單位層次創業雙歧(venturing ambidexterity)將部分中介公司層次矛盾領導與單位層次單位績效間之關係；而公司層級知識分享(knowledge sharing)亦會正向調節公司層級矛盾領導與單位層次創業雙歧間之關係。

Past research of paradoxical leadership focused on the impact on subordinate behaviors and further to improving unit performance. Thus, this study aimed at clearly examining the relationship between firm-level paradoxical leadership and unit-level unit performance based on the yin-yang perspective. Furthermore, this study proposed that the relationship between firm-level paradoxical leadership and unit-level unit performance was mediated by unit-level venturing ambidexterity and moderated by firm-level knowledge sharing. This study collected multisource and multilevel data from 58 managers and 116 employees. Finally, the results showed that unit-level venturing ambidexterity mediated the relationship between firm-level paradoxical leadership and unit-level unit performance; and firm-level knowledge sharing moderated the relationship between firm-level paradoxical leadership and unit-level venturing ambidexterity.
This paper contributed to yin-yang perspective combined with the concept of paradoxical and ambidexterity, besides this study dedicated paradoxical leadership and unit performance research with yin-yang perspective by revealing the mediating mechanisms and moderating mechanisms.

Abernathy, W. (1978) The Productivity Dilemma Roadblock to Innovation n in the Automobile Industry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ahmad, N.R., Wilson, C., & Kummerow, L. (2011) Assessing the dimensionality of business success: The perspectives of Malaysian SME owner-managers. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 12, 207-224.
Auh, S., & Menguc, B. (2005) Balancing exploration and exploitation: The moderating role of competitive intensity. Journal of Business Research, 58, 1652-1661.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Edwards, J. R. (1998) A general approach for representing constructs in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 45-87.
Bandalos, D. L. (2002) The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(1), 78-102.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Birkinshaw, J. & Hood, N. (1998) Multinational subsidiary development: capability evolution and charter change in foreign-owned subsidiary companies. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 773–795.
Bliese, P. D. (2000) Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.) Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions, 349-381.
Block, Z. & MacMillan, I. C. (1993) Corporate Venturing - Creating New Businesses within the Firm. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard Business School Press.
Bock, G., & Kim, Y. (2002) Breaking the Myths of Rewards: An Exploratory Study of Attitudes about Knowledge Sharing. Information Resources Management Journal, 15, 14-21.
Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996) Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 83-93.
Brislin, R. W. (1980) Translation and content analysis of oral written material. Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, 2(2), 349-444.
Browne, M., & Cudeck, R. (1992) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 230-258.
Cameron, K.S. (2008) Paradox in Positive Organizational Change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44 (1), 7-24.
Cao, Q., Gedajlovic, E., & Zhang, H. (2009) Unpacking organizational ambidexterity: Dimensions, contingencies, and synergistic effects. Organization Science, 20(4), 781-796.
Chatterjee, S., Lubatkin, M.H., & Schulze, W.S. (1999) Toward a strategictheory of risk premium: Moving beyond CAPM. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 556-567.
Chen, G., & Bliese, P. D. (2002) The role of different levels of leadership in predicting self- and collective efficacy: Evidence for discontinuity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 549-556.
Chen, M. J. (2002) Transcending Paradox: The Chinese "Middle Way” Perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19, 179-199.
Clegg, S. R., J. V. Cunha & M. P. Cunha (2002) Management paradoxes: A relational view. Human Relations, 55 (5), 483-503.
Cortina, J. M. (1993) What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of applied psychology, 78(1), 98-104.
Croon, M. A., & van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. (2007) Predicting group-level outcome variables from variables measured at the individual level: A latent variable multilevel model. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 45-57.
Dalton, D. R., Todor, W. D., Spendolini, M. J., Fielding,G. J., & Porter,L. W. (1980) Organization Structure and Performance: A Critical Review. The Academy of Management Review 5(1).
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998) Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage what They Know. Harvard Business School Press.
Davenport, T., & Prusak. L. . (1997) Information Ecology: Mastering The Information And Knowledge Environment. New York: Oxford University Press.
de Hoogh, A. H. B., den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., Thierry, H., van den Berg, P. T., van der Weide, J. G., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (2004) Charismatic leadership, environmental dynamism, and performance. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 13(4), 447-471.
Deci, E.L. (1975) Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Press.
Dill, W. R. (1958) Environment as an influence on managerial autonomy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2(4), 409-443.
Duncan, R. B. (1976) The ambidextrous organization: Designing dual structures for innovation. In R. H. Kilmann, L. R. Pondy, & D. Slevin (Eds.). The management of organization, 1, 167–188.
Fang, T. (2014) Understanding Chinese culture and communication: the Yin Yang approach. In: Bettina Gehrke, Marie-Thérèse Claes(Eds.), Global Leadership Practices: A Cross-Cultural Management Perspective, 171-187. London:Palgrave Macmillan.
Fang, T. (2005) From "Onion" to "Ocean": Paradox and Change in National Cultures. International Studies of Management & Organization, 35(4) .
Fang, T. (2012) Yin Yang: A New Perspective on Culture. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1) , 25-50.
FangT. (2005-2006) From "Onion" to "Ocean": Paradox and Change in National Cultures. International Studies of Management & Organization, 35(4): 71–90.
Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997) Meta-analytic review of leader–member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 827-844.
Gibson, C. B., & Birkinshaw, J. (2004) The Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Role of Organizational Ambidexterity. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 209-226.
Griffith, D.A.; Harvey, M.G. (2011) A Resource Perspective of Global Dynamic Capabilities. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3), 597-606.
Guilford, J. P. (1965) Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Hall, R. J., Snell, A. F., & Foust, M. S. (1999) Item parceling strategies in sem: Investigating the subtle effects of unmodeled secondary constructs. Organizational Research Methods, 2(3), 233-256.
Hayes, A. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50, 1-22.
Hendriks, P. (1999) Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing. Knowledge and process management, 6(2), 91-100.
Hill, S. A., & Birkinshaw, J. (2014) Ambidexterity and survival in corporate venture units. Journal of Management, 40(7), 1899–1931.
Hofmann, D. A., & Jones, L. M. (2005) Leadership, Collective Personality, and Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 509-522.
Hsu, C. L., & Lin, J. C. (2008) Acceptance of blog usage: the roles of technology acceptance, social influence and knowledge sharing motivation. Information & Management, 45(1), 65-74.
Im, G., & Rai, A. (2008) Knowledge Sharing Ambidexterity in Long-Term Interorganizational Relationships. Management Science 54(7), 1281-1296.
James, L. R. (1982) Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 219-229.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984) Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 85-98.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984) Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 85-98.
James, L. R., Mulaik, S. A. & Brett, J. M. (2006) A tale of two methods. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 233-244.
Jansen, J. J. P., van den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2005a) Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and ambidexterity: The impact of environmental and organizational antecedents. Schmalenbach Business Review, 57, 351-363.
Jaworski, B. J., & Kohli, A. K. (1993) Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57(3), 53-70.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996) LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Scientific Software International.
Keller, R. T. (2006) Transformational leadership, initiating structure, and substitutes for leadership: A longitudinal study of research and development project team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 202-210.
Kim, S. L., & Yun, S. (2015) The Effect of Coworker Knowledge Sharing on Performance and its Boundary Conditions: An Interactional Perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 575-582.
Kim, S. L., Lee, S., Park, E., & Yun, S. (2015) Knowledge sharing, work–family conflict and supervisor support: Investigating a three-way effect. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(19), 2434-2452.
Kozlowski, S. W., & Hattrup, K. (1992) A disagreement about within-group agreement: Disentangling issues of consistency versus consensus. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(2), 161-167.
Landis, R. S., Beal, D. J., & Tesluk, P. E. (2000) A comparison of approaches to forming composite measures in structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 3(2), 186-207.
Lee, J.N. (2001) The impact of knowledge sharing, organizational capability and partnership quality on IS outsourcing success. Information & Management, 38(5), 323-335.
Lee, P., Gillespie, N., Mann, L., & Wearing, A. (2010) Leadership and trust: Their effect on knowledge sharing and team performance. Management Learning, 41(4), 473-491.
Lewis, M. W. (2000). Exploring paradox: toward a more comprehensive guide. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 760-776.
Lewis, M. W., C. Andriopoulos and W. K. Smith. (2014) Paradoxical leadership to enable strategic agility. California Management Review, 56, 58-77.
Li X. (2018) Zhong-Yong as dynamic balancing between Yin-Yang opposites. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 25 (2), 375-379.
Li, P.P. (2010) Toward a learning-based view of internationalization: The accelerated trajectories of cross-border learning for latecomers. Journal of International Management, 16, 43-59.
Li, P.P. (2014a) The unique value of Yin-Yang balancing: A critical response. Management and Organizational Review, 10, 321-332.
Li, P.P. (2008) Toward a Geocentric Framework of Trust: An Application to Organizational Trust. Management and Organization Review, 4 (3), 413-439.
Liebeskind, J.P. (1996) Knowledge, Strategy, and the Theory of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 93-107.
Li, P.P. (2016). Global Implications of the Indigenous Epistemological System from the East: How to Apply Yin-Yang Balancing to Paradox Management. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management , 23 ( 1 ), 42-77.
LiPingPeter. (2008) Toward a Geocentric Framework of Trust:. Management and Organization Review , 413–439.
LiXin. (2016) Is “Yin-Yang balancing” superior to ambidexterity as an approach to paradox management? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1-16.
Lubatkin, M. H., Simsek, Z., Ling, Y., & Veiga, J. F. (2006) Ambidexterity and Performance in Small-to Medium-Sized Firms: The Pivotal Role of Top Management Team Behavioral Integration. Journal of Management, 32(5), 646-672.
Lubatkin, M. H., Simsek, Z., Ling, Y., & Veiga, J. F. (2006) Ambidexterity and performance in small- to medium-sized firms: The pivotal role of top management team behavioral integration. Journal of Management, 32(5), 646-672.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996) Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. The Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
MacKinnon, D. P. (2008) Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
March, J. G. (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational. Organ. Sci. 2(1), 71–87.
Martins, E. & Terblanche, F. (2003) Building organizational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 64-74.
Meade, A. W., & Kroustalis, C. M. (2006) Problems with item parceling for confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance. Organizational Research Methods, 9(3), 369-403.
Nonaka, I., & Konno, N. (1998) The concept of Ba: building a foundation for knowledge creation. California Management Review, 40(3), 40-54.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995) The Knowledge-Creating Company. Oxford University Press.
Nunnally, J. C., Bernstein, I. H., & Berge, J. M. F. (1967) Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Preacher, K. J., Zhang, Z., & Zyphur, M. J. (2016) Multilevel structural equation models for assessing moderation within and across levels of analysis. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 189-205.
Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010) A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15, 209-233.
Raisch & Birkinshaw, J.S.(2008). Organizational ambidexterity: Antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 34(3), 375-409.
Reynierse, J.H., & Harker, J.B. (1992) Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks: Teller and customer service representative ratings. Human Resource Planning, 15, 31-46.
Robbins, S.P., & Coulter,M. (2008) Management(9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ; Pearson Prentice Hall.
Rodan, S., & Galunic. C. (2004) More than network structure: How knowledge heterogeneity influences managerial performance and innovativeness. Strategic Management J, 25 , 541-562.
Rowe, W.G., Cannella Jr., A.A., Rankin, D., & Gorman, D. (2005) Leader succession & organizational performance: Integrating the common-sense, ritual scapegoating & vicious-circle succession theories. The leadership Quarterly, 16(2), 197-219.
Schneider, B., & Bowen, D. E. (1985) Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks: Replication and extension. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(3), 423-433.
Sellgren, S. F., Ekvall, G. & Tomson, G. (2008) Leadership behavior of nurse managers in relation to job satisfaction and work climate. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(5), 578-587.
Shamir, B. (1995) Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 19-47.
Smith, C.A., Organ, D.W., & Near, J.P. (1983) Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011) Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. The Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403.
Srivastava, A., Bartol, K. M., & Locke, E. A. (2006) Empowering leadership in management teams: Effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), 1239-1251.
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. A. (1973) A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psyclwmelrika, 38(1), 1-10.
Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. (1986) Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research: A Comparison of Approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11, 801-814.
Vera, D., & Crossan, M. (2004) Strategic Leadership and Organizational Learning. Academy of Management Review, 29, 222-240.
Volberda, H. W., & Van Bruggen, G. H. (1997) Environmental turbulence: A look into its dimensionality. In M. T. A. Belmans (Ed.). Dynamiek in Bedrijfsvoering. Enschede, The Netherlands: NOBO.
Wadhwa, A., & Kotha, S. B. (2006) Knowledge Creation Through External Venturing: Evidence from the Telecommunications Equipment Manufacturing Industry. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 819-835.
Waldman, D. A.; Ramirez, G. G.; House, R. J. & Puranam, P. (2001) Does leadership matter? CEO leadership attributes and profitability under conditions of perceived environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 134-143.
Zhang, Y., Waldman, D., Han, Y., & Li, X. (2015) Paradoxical leader behaviors in people management: Antecedents and consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 58(2), 538-566.
陳曉萍、徐淑英、樊景立、鄭伯壎 (2013)，組織與管理研究的實證方法（第二版），臺灣：華泰文化。
邱皓政 (2007)，脈絡變數的多層次潛在變數模式分析：口試評分者效應的多層次結構方程模式應用。中華心理學刊，49(4)，383-405。
邱皓政 (2017)，多層次模式與縱貫資料分析：Mplus 8 解析應用，臺灣：五南出版。