過去多數創業相關研究多以先前知識、創業資源、社會網路之資訊獲取管道、創業警覺性、創業動機之角度探討創業者機會辨識的行為與影響；分析認知機會與實際機會的認知差異；分析創業警覺性與機會確認及其影響因素；創業機會辨識與創業績效表現之間的影響關聯性等等研究，鮮少探討是否有其他因素能讓創業者的機會辨識能力提高或改善。本研究除了探討個人創業動機之目標和樂觀之人格特質對於創造力的影響以及創造力對於創業機會辨識的影響外，進一步探討個人創業動機之目標、樂觀之人格特質、創造力、創業機會辨識之間的關係和影響。其主要目的為探討個人創業動機之目標和樂觀之人格特質是否會透過創造力的中介效果，對創業機會辨識產生不同程度之影響。

本研究採用問卷調查法，受試者為參加104年度第一梯次科技部創新創業激勵競賽之創業者，有效樣本為117份，並以驗證性因素分析、信度分析、相關分析以及迴歸分析做為研究分析之方法。透過研究分析顯示，獲得以下結果： (1)當創造力越高時，創業機會辨識之能力會越高。 (2)當個人創業動機之目標越高時，創造力也會相對提升。 (3) 當樂觀之人格特質越高時，創造力也會相對提升。 (4)創造力為個人創業動機之目標與創業機會辨識之中介變項。 (5)創造力為樂觀之人格特質與創業機會辨識之中介變項。

In the past, most studies of entrepreneurship are related to prior knowledge, entrepreneurial resources, social network information, entrepreneurial alertness, and entrepreneurial motivation in order to explore behavior and influence of entrepreneurial opportunity identification; cognition differences between cognitive opportunities and real opportunities; analysis factors of entrepreneurial alertness and opportunity identification and its influence; impact between entrepreneurial opportunity identification and entrepreneurial performance...etc. There are few studies to discuss whether there is any other factor that can enhance or improve the ability of entrepreneurial opportunity identification of entrepreneur. The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of goal of individual entrepreneur motivation and personality trait of optimism on creativity and the impact of creativity on entrepreneurial opportunity identification. Further, discuss the relationship and impact among the goal of individual entrepreneur motivation, the personality trait of optimism, creativity, and the identification of entrepreneurial opportunities. The main purpose of this study is to discuss whether the goal of individual entrepreneur motivation and the personality trait of optimism can influence the entrepreneurial opportunity identification through the mediating effect of creativity.
The study utilizes questionnaire which subjects of study are entrepreneurs who participated in Plan of Innovation and Startups of first stage in 2015 and the valid samples are 117. Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis are the methods of research and analysis. Through the study and analysis, this study can be summarized: (1) Creativity has direct and positive effect on entrepreneurial opportunity identification. (2) Goal of individual entrepreneur motivation has direct and positive effect on creativity. (3) Personality trait of optimism has direct and positive effect on creativity. (4) Creativity is a mediator of significant effect between goal of individual entrepreneur and entrepreneurial opportunity identification. (5) Creativity is a mediator of significant effect between personality trait of optimism and entrepreneurial opportunity identification.

中文參考文獻
1.朱國榮. (2010). 工作壓力與工作生活品質關聯性之研究-心理資本之中介效果. 未發表的碩士論文, 台北: 國立國防大學管理學院資源管理及決策研究所.
2.何志聪. (2004). 中小民营企业家创业动机及其影响因素研究: 硕士学位论文.
3.吳明隆. (2007). SPSS 統計應用學習實務: 問卷分析與應用統計.
4.吳明隆. (2009). 結構方程模式: 方法與實務應用: 高雄市: 麗文文化.
5.周文賢. (2002). 多變量統計分析, 台北: 智勝書局.
6.邱皓政. (2003), 結構方程模式, 台北: 雙葉書廊.
7.吳統雄. (1990), 電話調查: 理論與方法.
8.段锦云, 王朋, & 朱月龙. (2012). 创业动机研究: 概念结构, 影响因素和理论模型. 心理科学进展, 20 (005), 698-704.
9.張春興, & 心理學. (2011). 張氏心理學辭典: 臺灣東華.
10.陳偉明. (2009). TTQS 整體落實度對組織績效之影響-以人力資本為中介變數.
11.陳耀茂. (2005). 共變異數構造分析 AMOS 使用手冊. 台北市: 鼎茂圖書出版股份有限公司.
12.黃家齊, & 黃荷婷. (2006). 團隊成員目標導向對於自我與集體效能及創新之影響一個多層次研究. 管理學報, 23 (3), 327-346.
13.楊雅晴. (2014). 以多層次觀點探討高績效工作系統與經理人雙歧間中介機制-以共同語言與符號, 吸收能力為跨層次中介變數.
14.溫世頌. (2006). 心理學辭典: 三民書局股份有限公司.
15.經濟部中小企業處. (2015). 中小企業白皮書: 經濟部.
16.蔡育哲. (2006). 轉換型領導與個人組織公民行為之關聯性研究-以員工工作靈性及領導-部屬交換關係為中介變項.
17.鄭琇紜. (2008). 公司治理對代理成本及資金成本之影響-代理成本之中介效果.
 

英文參考文獻
1.Ahmetoglu, G., Leutner, F., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). EQ-nomics: Understanding the relationship between individual differences in Trait Emotional Intelligence and entrepreneurship. Personality and Individual Differences, 51 (8), 1028-1033.
2.Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. (2010). Entrepreneurship and epistemology: The philosophical underpinnings of the study of entrepreneurial opportunities. The Academy of Management Annals, 4 (1), 557-583.
3.Alvarez, S. A., Barney, J. B., & Anderson, P. (2013). Forming and exploiting opportunities: The implications of discovery and creation processes for entrepreneurial and organizational research. Organization Science, 24 (1), 301-317.
4.Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of personality and social psychology, 45 (2), 357.
5.Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in organizational behavior, 10 (1), 123-167.
6.Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context: Update to" the social psychology of creativity.": Westview press.
7.Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103 (3), 411.
8.Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business venturing, 18 (1), 105-123.
9.Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Nassen, K. D. (1998). Representation of measurement error in marketing variables: Review of approaches and extension to three-facet designs. Journal of Econometrics, 89 (1), 393-421.
10.Bandura, A. (1988). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety research, 1 (2), 77-98.
11.Baron, R. A. (2006). Opportunity recognition as pattern recognition: How entrepreneurs “connect the dots” to identify new business opportunities. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20 (1), 104-119.
12.Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51 (6), 1173.

13.Basadur, M., Graen, G. B., & Green, S. G. (1982). Training in creative problem solving: Effects on ideation and problem finding and solving in an industrial research organization. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30 (1), 41-70.
14.Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of applied psychology, 89 (4), 587.
15.Begley, S., & Davidson, R. (2012). The emotional life of your brain: How its unique patterns affect the way you think, feel, and live-and how you can change them: Hachette UK.
16.Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82 (1), 102.
17.Brophy, D. R. (1998). Understanding, measuring, and enhancing individual creative problem-solving efforts. Creativity Research Journal, 11 (2), 123-150.
18.Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Kalil, A., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L., & Thisted, R. A. (2008). Happiness and the invisible threads of social connection. The science of subjective well-being, 195-219.
19.Carsrud, A., & Brännback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial motivations: what do we still need to know? Journal of small business management, 49 (1), 9-26.
20.Craig, H. D., Günel, M., Cepeda, O., Johnson, E. W., Ptacek, L., Steinberg, G. K., . . . Scott, R. M. (1998). Multilocus linkage identifies two new loci for a mendelian form of stroke, cerebral cavernous malformation, at 7p15–13 and 3q25. 2–27. Human molecular genetics, 7 (12), 1851-1858.
21.Dayan, M., Zacca, R., & Di Benedetto, A. (2013). An exploratory study of entrepreneurial creativity: its antecedents and mediators in the context of UAE firms. Creativity and Innovation Management, 22 (3), 223-240.
22.DeTienne, D. R., & Chandler, G. N. (2007). The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31 (3), 365-386.
23.Drucker, P. F. (1985). Entrepreneurial strategies. California Management Review, 27 (2), 9-25.
24.Drucker, P. F. (2006). Classic Drucker: essential wisdom of Peter Drucker from the pages of Harvard Business Review: Harvard Business Press.
25.Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American psychologist, 41 (10), 1040.
26.Foss, N. J., Laursen, K., & Pedersen, T. (2011). Linking customer interaction and innovation: The mediating role of new organizational practices. Organization Science, 22 (4), 980-999.
27.Frederickson, B., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84 (2), 365-376.
28.García, G. M., & Calvo, J. C. A. (2013). Psychometric properties of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in a Spanish sample of entrepreneurs. Psicothema, 25 (2), 245-251.
29.Gielnik, M. M., Frese, M., Graf, J. M., & Kampschulte, A. (2012). Creativity in the opportunity identification process and the moderating effect of diversity of information. Journal of Business venturing, 27 (5), 559-576.
30.Gill, D. L. (1986). Competitiveness among females and males in physical activity classes. Sex Roles, 15 (5-6), 233-247.
31.Gong, Y., Huang, J.-C., & Farh, J.-L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of management Journal, 52 (4), 765-778.
32.Grégoire, D. A., Barr, P. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). Cognitive processes of opportunity recognition: The role of structural alignment. Organization Science, 21 (2), 413-431.
33.Gumpert, D. E., & Stevenson, H. (1985). The heart of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review, 63 (2), 85-94.
34.Heinström, J. (2003). Five personality dimensions and their influence on information behaviour. Information research, 9 (1), 9-1.
35.Hennessey, B. A. (2010). The creativity-motivation connection. The Cambridge handbook of creativity, 342-365.
36.Hirst, G., Van Knippenberg, D., & Zhou, J. (2009). A cross-level perspective on employee creativity: Goal orientation, team learning behavior, and individual creativity. Academy of management Journal, 52 (2), 280-293.
37.Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Sirmon, D. G. (2003). A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions. Journal of management, 29 (6), 963-989.
38.Isaksen, S. G. (1988). Educational implications of creativity research: An updated rationale for creative learning. Innovation: a cross disciplinary perspective, 167-204.
39.Kluemper, D. H., Little, L. M., & Degroot, T. (2009). State or trait: effects of state optimism on job‐related outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30 (2), 209-231.
40.Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., Jackson, D. N., & Jang, K. L. (1994). Categorical distinctions in the study of personality disorder: implications for classification. Journal of abnormal psychology, 103 (1), 6.
41.Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory. Current directions in psychological science, 15 (5), 265-268.
42.Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. Positive organizational behavior, 9-24.
43.Matlay, H., Heinonen, J., Hytti, U., & Stenholm, P. (2011). The role of creativity in opportunity search and business idea creation. Education+ Training, 53 (8/9), 659-672.
44.McCline, R. L., Bhat, S., & Baj, P. (2000). Opportunity recognition: An exploratory investigation of a component of the entrepreneurial process in the context of the health care industry. Entrepreneurship: Theory and practice, 25 (2), 81-81.
45.Mercer, M., & Troiani, M. (2002). Optimism.
46.Miller, J. (1997). All work and no play may be harming your business. Management Development Review, 10 (6/7), 254-255.
47.Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Reiter‐Palmon, R., Uhlman, C. E., & Doares, L. M. (1991). Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creativity Research Journal, 4 (2), 91-122.
48.Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. A. (2007). Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of Business venturing, 22 (2), 174-192.
49.Perez-Acosta, A. (2001). Optimism and pessimism. Implications for theory, research, and practice: FOUNDATION ADVANCEMENT PSYCHOLOGY APARTADO AEREO 92621, BOGOTA DC, COLOMBIA.
50.Pritchett, P. (2006). Hard optimism: How to succeed in a world where positive wins: McGraw Hill Professional.
51.Robichaud, Y., McGraw, E., & Alain, R. (2001). Toward the development of a measuring instrument for entrepreneurial motivation. Journal of developmental entrepreneurship, 6 (2), 189.
52.Srensen, B. M. (2008). ‘Behold, I am making all things new’: The entrepreneur as savior in the age of creativity. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24 (2), 85-93.
53.Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., Velamuri, S. R., & Venkataraman, S. (2003). Three views of entrepreneurial opportunity Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 141-160): Springer.
54.Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health psychology, 4 (3), 219.
55.Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle (Vol. 55): Transaction publishers.
56.Schwarzer, R. (1994). Optimism, vulnerability, and self-beliefs as health-related cognitions: A systematic overview. Psychology and health, 9 (3), 161-180.
57.Segerstrom, S. C. (2001). Optimism and attentional bias for negative and positive stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27 (10), 1334-1343.
58.Seligman, M. E. (2011). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life: Vintage.
59.Seligman, M. E., & Schulman, P. (1986). Explanatory style as a predictor of productivity and quitting among life insurance sales agents. Journal of personality and social psychology, 50 (4), 832.
60.Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The leadership quarterly, 15 (1), 33-53.
61.Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11 (4), 448-469. doi:DOI 10.1287/orsc.11.4.448.14602
62.Shane, S., & Cable, D. (2002). Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures. Management Science, 48 (3), 364-381.
63.Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human resource management review, 13 (2), 257-279.
64.Shane, S., & Nicolaou, N. (2015). Creative personality, opportunity recognition and the tendency to start businesses: A study of their genetic predispositions. Journal of Business venturing, 30 (3), 407-419.
65.Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of management review, 25 (1), 217-226.
66.Shane, S. A. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus: Edward Elgar Publishing.
67.Sheldon, K. M., & King, L. (2001). Why positive psychology is necessary. American psychologist, 56 (3), 216.
68.Shepherd, C., & Ahmed, P. K. (2000). From product innovation to solutions innovation: a new paradigm for competitive advantage. European journal of innovation management, 3 (2), 100-106.
69.Shepherd, D. A., & DeTienne, D. R. (2005). Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 29 (1), 91-112.
70.Shepherd, D. A., Douglas, E. J., & Shanley, M. (2000). New venture survival: Ignorance, external shocks, and risk reduction strategies. Journal of Business venturing, 15 (5), 393-410.
71.Short, J. C., Ketchen, D. J., Combs, J. G., & Ireland, R. D. (2010). Research methods in entrepreneurship opportunities and challenges. Organizational Research Methods, 13 (1), 6-15.
72.Singh, R. P. (2001). A comment on developing the field of entrepreneurship through the study of opportunity recognition and exploitation. Academy of management review, 26 (1), 10-12.
73.Smith, B. R., Matthews, C. H., & Schenkel, M. T. (2009). Differences in entrepreneurial opportunities: The role of tacitness and codification in opportunity identification. Journal of small business management, 47 (1), 38-57.
74.Snyder, C. (2000). Hypothesis: There is hope. Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications, 3-21.
75.Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here: Simon and Schuster.
76.Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological inquiry, 13 (4), 249-275.
77.Staw, B. M. (1995). Why no one really wants creativity. Creative action in organizations, 161-166.
78.Stevenson, H., Grousbeck, H., Roberts, M., & Bhidé, A. (2000). New Business Venturing and The Entrepreneur: McGraw-Hill, International Editions: Singapore.
79.Teach, R. D., Schwartz, R. G., & Tarpley, F. A. (1989). The recognition and exploitation of opportunity in the software industry: A study of surviving firms. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 9, 383-397.
80.Timmons, J. A., & Spinelli, S. (1999). New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century.
81.Torrance, E. P. (1980). Creativity and style of learning and thinking characteristics of adaptors and innovators. Creative Child & Adult Quarterly.
82.Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 3 (1), 119-138.
83.Ward, T., Smith, S., Finke, R., & Sternberg, R. (1999). Handbook of creativity: New York: Cambridge University Press.
84.Ward, T. B. (2004). Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business venturing, 19 (2), 173-188.
85.Wood, M. S., & McKinley, W. (2010). The production of entrepreneurial opportunity: a constructivist perspective. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4 (1), 66-84.
86.Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace the impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of management, 33 (5), 774-800.
87.Zhou, J. (2008). New look at creativity in the entrepreneurial process. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2 (1), 1-5.
88.Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2003). Awakening employee creativity: The role of leader emotional intelligence. The leadership quarterly, 14 (4), 545-568.