隨著行動網路及智慧型手機的的全面普及，即將來臨的為5G網路世代，員工在家時使用科技產品處理工作事務之情況，雖然可以增進工作效率、降低組織溝通成本，然而卻成為員工的惡夢。而在工作場域使用智慧型手機處理非工作事務，也就是網路閒逛，對於組織來說降低了生產力，然而以員工的角度來看，是否能夠暫時脫離工作狀態，透過智慧型手機與家人和朋友聯繫，而獲得舒緩。
本研究以有配偶之在職人士且其配偶也有在工作賺錢為研究對象，架構一為探討在家時使用行動裝置處理工作事務、知覺配偶在家時使用行動裝置處理工作事務與工作家庭衝突之關係，並以性別作為調節變項。架構二為探討網路閒逛是否有性別差異，以及網路閒逛與生活滿意度之關係。本研究以問卷調查法進行，最終共回收231份有效問卷，並透過驗證性因素分析、相關分析以及迴歸分析等方法進行資料之分析。
實證結果顯示：(1)在家時使用行動裝置處理工作事務對工作家庭衝突具有正向影響。(2)知覺配偶在家時使用行動裝置處理工作事務對工作家庭衝突不具有正向影響。(3)性別對在家使用行動裝置處理工作事務對工作家庭衝突的正向關係無調節效果。(4)性別對知覺配偶在家使用行動裝置處理工作事務對工作家庭衝突的正向關係無調節效果。(5)網路閒逛無性別差異，性別無法預測網路閒逛。(6)網路閒逛對生活滿意度具有正向影響。本研究結果可以作為後續研究之基礎外，亦可提供業界作為制定方針與措施實行之參考。

With the rapid development of networks and smartphones, and the upcoming 5G generation, the use of 3C products for dealing with work tasks at home can improve work efficiency and reduce the communication costs in the organization, but it has become a nightmare for employees. In addition, employees use Internet for non-work related purpose, that is cyberloafing, this behavior is more frequently than before, which brings a lot of loss to companies. However, from an employee’s perspective, is it a relief to get away from work for a while and connect with family and friends through smartphones?
This study took Taiwanese employees using smartphones, who have spouses who also have work., and the aim of this study, the first structure is to investigate the relationship between mobile device for work during family time(mwork), perceived spouse’s mwork and work-family conflict, and taking gender as moderator. In addition, this study examined the moderation effect on the relationship between work-related smartphone use during off-job time and work-family conflict by taking gender and boundary management preference as moderators. The second structure is to investigate is there gender difference in cyberloafing. Last, is the relationship between cyberloafing and life satisfaction. This study was conducted by questionnaire survey. A total of 231 valid questionnaires were collected and were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis.
The empirical results show that: (1) Mobile device for work during family time(mwork) has a significant positive impact on work-family conflict. (2) Perceived spouse’s mwork has no significant impact on work-family conflict. (3) Gender had no moderating effect on the positive relationship between mobile device for work during family time(mwork) and work-family conflict. (4) Gender had no moderating effect on the positive relationship between perceived spouse’s mwork and work-family conflict. (5) There is no gender difference in cyberloafing, and gender cannot predict cyberloafing. (6) Cyberloafing has a significant positive effect on life satisfaction. This research can not only be the base of further research, but also be a reference for government and enterprises to formulate regulations and countermeasures.

中文部分
張妤玥、陸洛(2011)，工作家庭雙介面之要求、資源與職家衝突關聯之性別差異，商略學報，第三卷，第一期，25-38頁。
徐士傑、邱兆民、洪郁雯、陳儷慧(2013)，影響個人提供線上社會支持因子之探討：以PTT 癌症板為例，中山管理評論，第二十一卷，第三期，511-544頁。
紀乃文、蔡宜衿(2018)，主管下班別LINE我：探討下班後用通訊軟體交辦困難工作對員工後續負向心情、壓力狀態及任務績效的影響：領導成員交換關係與員工親和性特質的干擾效果，管理學報，第三卷，第三期，307-331頁。
黃瓊慧(2019)，當工作要求在不該出現的時候出現：探討非工作時間工作要求即時通訊對工作—家庭平衡之影響，人力資源管理學報，第十九卷，第一期，27-52頁。
英文部分
Akbulut, Y., Dursun, Ö. Ö., Dönmez, O., & Şahin, Y. L. (2016). In search of a measure to investigate cyberloafing in educational settings. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 616-625.
Akbulut, Y., & Günüç, S. (2012). Perceived social support and facebook use among adolescents. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 2(1), 30-41.
Allen, T. D., Johnson, R. C., Saboe, K. N., Cho, E., Dumani, S., & Evans, S. (2012). Dispositional variables and work–family conflict: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 17-26.
Andel, S. A., Kessler, S. R., Pindek, S., Kleinman, G., & Spector, P. E. (2019). Is cyberloafing more complex than we originally thought? Cyberloafing as a coping response to workplace aggression exposure. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 124-130.
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25, 472–491.
Baken, D (1966). The duality of human existence. Chicago Rand Mcnally.
Baturay, M. H., & Toker, S. (2015). An investigation of the impact of demographics on cyberloafing from an educational setting angle. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 358-366.
Bittman, M., Brown, J. E., & Wajcman, J. (2009). The mobile phone, perpetual contact and time pressure. Work, Employment and Society, 23(4), 673-691.
Blanchard, A. L., & Henle, C. A. (2008). Correlates of different forms of cyberloafing: The role of norms and external locus of control. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 1067-1084.
Boswell, W. R. and Olson-Buchanan J. B. (2007). The use of communication technologies after hours: The role of work attitudes and work-life conflict. Journal of Management 33(4): 592-610.
Burley, K. A. (1995). Family variables as mediators of the relationship between work-family conflict and marital adjustment among dual-career men and women. Journal of Social Psychology, 135(4), 483-497
Butts, M. M., et al. (2015). Hot buttons and time sinks: The effects of electronic communication during nonwork time on emotions and work-nonwork conflict. Academy of Management Journal 58(3): 763-788.
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169-198.
Carlson, D. S., Thompson, M. J., Crawford, W. S., Boswell, W. R., & Whitten, D. (2018). Your job is messing with mine! The impact of mobile device use for work during family time on the spouse's work life. Journal Occupational Health Psychology 23(4): 471-482.
Chesley, N. (2005). Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1237-1248.
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. psychosomatic medicine, 38(5), 300–314.
Cole, D. A., Nick, E. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Roeder, K. M., & Spinelli, T. (2017). Online social support for young people: Does it recapitulate in-person social support; can it help? Computer Human Behavior, 68, 456-464.
Demirel, Ö., Dinçer, S., Özcan, S., Gökçearslan, Ş., & Okan Yüksel, A. (2017). An investigation of the relationship between cyberloafing and academic motivation among university students. In Küreselleşen dünyada eğitim (pp. 733-742).
Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Smartphone use, work–home interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery. Applied Psychology, 63(3), 411-440.
Derks, D., van Duin, D., Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2015). Smartphone use and work-home interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(1), 155-177.
DeVellis, R.F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Fenner, G. H. and R. W. Renn (2004). Technology-assisted supplemental work: Construct definition and a research framework. Human Resource Management 43(2-3): 179-200.
Ferguson, M., Carlson, D., Boswell, W., Whitten, D., Butts, M. M., & Kacmar, K. M. (2016). Tethered to work: A family systems approach linking mobile device use to turnover intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(4), 520-534.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Exploring the relationships between different types of facebook use, perceived online social support, and adolescents’ depressed mood. Social Science Computer Review, 34(2), 153-171.
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65-78.
Garrett, R. K., & Danziger, J. N. (2008). On cyberslacking: workplace status and personal internet use at work. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 287-292.
Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2006). Health consequences of work–family conflict: The dark side of the work–family interface. In Employee Health, Coping and Methodologies, 61-98.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J.,(1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 207-219). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Wheeler, A. R., & Rossi, A. M. (2012). The costs and benefits of working with one's spouse: A two-sample examination of spousal support, work-family conflict, and emotional exhaustion in work-linked relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(5), 597-615.
Henle, C. A., & Blanchard, A. L. (2008). The interaction of work stressors and organizational sanctions on cyberloafing. Journal of Managerial Issues, 20(3), 383-400.
House, J. S.(1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Jackson, L. A., Ervin, K. S., Gardner, P. D., & Schmitt, N. (2001). Gender and the internet: Women communicating and men searching. Sex Roles, 44(5-6), 363-379.
Jia, H. H. (2008). Relationships between the big five personality dimensions and cyberloafing behavior. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from Proquest Digital Dissertations.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D. & Rosenthal, R. A.(1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
Kreiner, G. E. (2006). Consequences of work-home segmentation or integration: a person-environment fit perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 485-507.
Kreiner, G. E., Hollensbe, E. C., & Sheep, M. L. (2009). Balancing borders and bridges: Negotiating the work-home interface via boundary work tactics. Academy of management journal, 52(4), 704-730.
Liberman, B., Seidman, G., McKenna, K. Y. A., & Buffardi, L. E. (2011). Employee job attitudes and organizational characteristics as predictors of cyberloafing. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(6), 2192-2199.
Lim, V. K. G. (2002). The IT way of loafing on the job: cyberloafing, neutralizing and organizational justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(5), 675-694.
Lim, V. K. G., & Chen, D. J. Q. (2012). Cyberloafing at the workplace: gain or drain on work? Behaviour & Information Technology, 31(4), 343-353.
Lowe-Calverley, E., & Grieve, R. (2017). Web of deceit: Relationships between the dark triad, perceived ability to deceive and cyberloafing. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 11(2).
Mazmanian, M., Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. (2013). The autonomy paradox: The implications of mobile email devices for knowledge professionals. Organization Science, 24(5), 1337–1357.
McLaughlin, K., & Muldoon, O. (2014). Father identity, involvement and work–family balance: An in-depthinterview study. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24, 439-452.
Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work-family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689-725.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S. & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
Nippert-Eng, C. (1996, September). Calendars and keys: The classification of “home” and “work”. Sociological Forum (Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 563-582). Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers.
Sarker, S., Xiao, X., Sarker, S., & Ahuja, M. (2012). Managing employees’ use of mobile technologies to minimize work-life balance impacts. MIS Quarterly Executive, 11, 143–157.
Sonnentag, S., & Zijlstra, F. R. (2006). Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 330-350.
Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356–367.
Sturman, M. C. and K. Walsh (2014). Strengthening the employment relationship: The effects of work-hours fit on key employee attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior 35(6): 762-784.
Thoits, P. A. 1986. Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54:416-423.
Utz, S., & Breuer, J. (2017). The relationship between use of social network sites, online social support, and well-being: Results from a six-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Media Psychology, 29(3), 115-125.
Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C. (2011). It's complicated: Facebook users' political participation in the 2008 election. Cyberpsychology Behavior Social Networking, 14(3), 107-114.
Park, J. H., & Park, M. (2021). Smartphone use patterns and problematic smartphone use among preschool children. PLoS One, 16(3), e0244276.
Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36(4), 859-866.
Pindek, S., Krajcevska, A., & Spector, P. E. (2018). Cyberloafing as a coping mechanism: Dealing with workplace boredom. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 147-152.