準確的距離感知和判斷在日常生活中至關重要。人類的空間行為取決於正確感知的距離，並且許多任務要求個人能夠足夠準確地感知物體的位置以能夠進行交互。實際環境中的許多應用程序都使用精確距離感知的概念作為其原理的基礎。此外，此概念已用於特定培訓中，該培訓用於使用戶在現實世界中完成任務之前做好準備。時至今日，虛擬現實已被廣泛用於處理此培訓，其中虛擬現實允許開發在現實世界中可能創建成本過高或危險的場景，例如，模擬空域飛行器或軍事戰爭。隨著虛擬現實應用程序的最新發展已經達到了人類與三維物體交互的階段，與三維物體交互時用戶的性能成為重要的問題。此外，當前虛擬現實研究的基本信念是，這將導致更有效的人機界面。本文根據用戶與三維物體的交互方式提出了一種用戶交互技術。直接互動和間接互動技術。此外，儘管有很多潛在的應用可以從虛擬現實中受益，但我們對虛擬現實中幾個基本的感知和認知任務的理解-距離估計，具有直接和間接交互作用的空間/空間感知尚未得到很好的發展。為了提供對虛擬現實研究理論和實踐的見識，本研究尋求就基於立體投影的顯示器中的距離估計建立兩種用戶交互技術的特徵。
招募了十四名參與者，以三種交互技術（在深度/自我中心平面上顯示的目標）和三個難度指標來執行兩種交互技術的獲取任務。對於每種交互技術，都分析了以自我為中心的距離估計，任務完成時間，吞吐量和空間感知的準確性。結果表明，間接光標技術比直接光標技術更為準確。另一方面，與間接光標相比，在直接指向技術中觀察到更高的吞吐量。但是，兩種交互技術在任務完成時間上沒有顯著差異。結果還表明，在最大距離（距參與者150厘米）處，精度比90厘米和120厘米的較近距離更高。此外，任務的難度也極大地影響了準確性，最高難度級別比中等和低難度條件遭受的影響更大。在直接指向過程中，估計趨向於收斂到虛擬空間的中心。但是，在間接光標條件下未觀察到這種收斂。指向估計的準確性在參與者的左側受到影響。這項研究的結果有助於理解立體環境中的用戶交互技術。此外，虛擬環境的開發人員可以在設計有效的用戶交互時參考這些發現，尤其是其性能依賴於準確性。

Accurate distance perception and judgment are essential in daily life. Human spatial behavior depends on correctly perceived distances, and many tasks require an individual to be able to perceive the location of an object accurately enough to be able to interact with. Many applications in the real environment use a concept of accurate distance perception as a base of their principles. Moreover, this concept has been used in such particular training that is used to prepare a user before their tasks in the real world. To this day, virtual reality has been widely used to handle this training, where virtual reality allows for the development of scenarios that could be too costly or dangerous to create in the real world, for example, simulating an airspace craft or military war. As the recent development of virtual reality applications has reached the stage of human interaction with three-dimensional objects, a performance of a user when interacting with the three-dimensional objects becoming an important issue. Moreover, the underlying belief of current virtual reality research is that this will lead to more effective human-machine interfaces. In this dissertation, we proposed a term of user interaction technique depending on how the user interacting with the three-dimensional objects; direct interaction and indirect interaction techniques. Moreover, while there are many potential applications that could benefit from virtual reality, our understanding of several basic perceptual and cognitive tasks in Virtual Environments – distance estimation, space/spatial perception with direct and indirect interactions is not yet well developed. In an effort to provide an insight for virtual reality research theory and practice, this study sought to establish characteristics of the two user interaction techniques, with respect to the distance estimation in the stereoscopic projection-based display.
Fourteen participants were recruited to perform an acquisition task in both interaction techniques, at three levels of parallaxes (target displayed in-depth/egocentric distance) and three indices of difficulty. Accuracy of egocentric distance estimation, task completion time, throughput, and perception of space were analyzed for each interaction technique. The results show that the indirect cursor technique was found to be more accurate (estimations are close to the reference targets position) than the direct pointing one. On the other hand, a higher throughput was observed in the direct pointing technique compared to the indirect cursor. However, there were no significant differences in task completion time between the two interaction techniques. The result also shows that accuracy was higher at the greatest distance (150 cm from the participant) than the closer distances of 90 cm and 120 cm. Furthermore, the difficulty of the task also significantly influenced the accuracy, with the highest difficulty level suffered more than the medium and the low levels of difficulty conditions. During the direct pointing, estimations tend to converge to the center of virtual space; however, this convergence was not observed in the indirect cursor condition. The pointing estimations accuracy suffered on the left side of the participants. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of user interaction techniques in a stereoscopic environment. Furthermore, developers of the virtual environment may refer to these findings in designing effective user interactions, especially of which performance relies on accuracy.

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