本研究主要是應用多樣本結構方程模式與性別恆等性檢驗，探討高中一年級學生在空間能力潛在因素平均數的性別差異，並以此結果和使用觀察平均數檢定性別的空間差異結果作比較討論。
本研究使用「標準化空間能力測驗」之常模資料，共計1,639人，其中男生865人，女生774人；本測驗為「空間視覺」與「空間定位」雙因素結構、四題型、共計18題選擇題的紙筆式測驗。
本研究結果顯示，雙因素結構的「標準化空間能力測驗」具有性別恆等性，亦即具有跨性別的形貌、因素負荷量、截距、測量誤差、因素變異數以及因素共變數恆等；男女的雙因素潛在平均數與觀察平均數均達顯著差異，亦即男女在「空間視覺」的潛在平均數與觀察平均數均達顯著差異，在「空間定位」的潛在平均數與觀察平均數亦均達顯著差異，並且皆為男優於女。綜合而論，國內高中一年級男生的空間視覺與空間定位能力均顯著地優於女生。潛在平均數結構分析較觀察平均數分析能夠更客觀且合理地反應出不同群組的水準差異，但已驗證過恆等性的測驗工具可直接使用觀察分數進行平均數差異檢定。
本研究結果促進「標準化空間能力測驗」的跨性別應用及相關研究，本研究的性別恆等性檢驗程序亦可作為其他測驗工具進行跨群組檢驗恆等性的參考。

The study explores the tests of gender invariance with the multi-group structural equation modeling (MG-SEM), to compare the gender difference of the first-year students of senior high school in spatial ability latent factor means, which is to further compared with the results of gender difference in observed spatial ability means.
The study uses the norm data of the paper-and-pencil Standardized Spatial Ability Test (SSAT). The total effect number of students is 1,639, with 865 boys and 774 girls. The structure of SSAT is two-factor (spatial visualization and spatial orientation), four item types, and 18 multiple-choice items.
The results show that the tests of gender invariance (configuration, factor loadings, item intercepts, error variances, factor variance matrices, and factor covariance matrices) of SSAT are satisfied, and there are significant differences between genders in their latent factor means and observed means, that is, the latent means and observed means of spatial visualization are significantly different in genders, the latent means and observed means of spatial orientation are significant different in genders, and boys are better than girls in all of the differences. In sum, boys’ spatial visualization and spatial orientation are better than those of girls in the first-year high school students. The mean structure analyses can provide reasonable and better group comparisons than observed mean analyses; however, group differences can be compared directly using observed scores provided that the instrument satisfies the tests of invariance.
The results of the study can improve the application of SSAT and related studies in gender issues, and suggest a complete MG-SEM procedure of gender invariance for other test development.

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