(1) Zhang, H.; Ji, X.; Li, P.; Liu, C.; Lou, J.; Wang, Z.; Wen, W.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, M.; Zhu, X. Liquid-liquid phase separation in biology: mechanisms, physiological functions and human diseases. Sci China Life Sci 2020, 63 (7), 953-985.
(2) Yoshizawa, T.; Ali, R.; Jiou, J.; Fung, H. Y. J.; Burke, K. A.; Kim, S. J.; Lin, Y.; Peeples, W. B.; Saltzberg, D.; Soniat, M.; et al. Nuclear Import Receptor Inhibits Phase Separation of FUS through Binding to Multiple Sites. Cell 2018, 173 (3), 693-705 e622.
(3) Hyman, A. A.; Weber, C. A.; Julicher, F. Liquid-liquid phase separation in biology. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014, 30, 39-58.
(4) Abbas, M.; Lipinski, W. P.; Wang, J.; Spruijt, E. Peptide-based coacervates as biomimetic protocells. Chem Soc Rev 2021, 50 (6), 3690-3705.
(5) Aumiller, W. M., Jr.; Keating, C. D. Phosphorylation-mediated RNA/peptide complex coacervation as a model for intracellular liquid organelles. Nat Chem 2016, 8 (2), 129-137.
(6) Pak, C. W.; Kosno, M.; Holehouse, A. S.; Padrick, S. B.; Mittal, A.; Ali, R.; Yunus, A. A.; Liu, D. R.; Pappu, R. V.; Rosen, M. K. Sequence Determinants of Intracellular Phase Separation by Complex Coacervation of a Disordered Protein. Mol Cell 2016, 63 (1), 72-85.
(7) Peng, P. H.; Hsu, K. W.; Wu, K. J. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in cellular physiology and tumor biology. Am J Cancer Res 2021, 11 (8), 3766-3776.
(8) Wang, W. H.; Lin, C. Y.; Chang, M. R.; Urbina, A. N.; Assavalapsakul, W.; Thitithanyanont, A.; Chen, Y. H.; Liu, F. T.; Wang, S. F. The role of galectins in virus infection - A systemic literature review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020, 53 (6), 925-935.
(9) Chang, W. A.; Tsai, M. J.; Kuo, P. L.; Hung, J. Y. Role of galectins in lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2017, 14 (5), 5077-5084.
(10) Chaudhary, S.; Chaudhary, S.; Rawat, S.; Kulkarni, A.; Bilgrami, A. L.; Perveen, A.; Alghamdi, B. S.; Zughaibi, T. A.; Ashraf, G. M.; Alam, M. Z.; et al. Galectins-Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022, 23 (19).
(11) Johannes, L.; Jacob, R.; Leffler, H. Galectins at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018, 131 (9).
(12) Nieminen, J.; Kuno, A.; Hirabayashi, J.; Sato, S. Visualization of galectin-3 oligomerization on the surface of neutrophils and endothelial cells using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J Biol Chem 2007, 282 (2), 1374-1383.
(13) Lin, Y. H.; Qiu, D. C.; Chang, W. H.; Yeh, Y. Q.; Jeng, U. S.; Liu, F. T.; Huang, J. R. The intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of galectin-3 dynamically mediates multisite self-association of the protein through fuzzy interactions. J Biol Chem 2017, 292 (43), 17845-17856.
(14) Chiu, Y. P.; Sun, Y. C.; Qiu, D. C.; Lin, Y. H.; Chen, Y. Q.; Kuo, J. C.; Huang, J. R. Liquid-liquid phase separation and extracellular multivalent interactions in the tale of galectin-3. Nat Commun 2020, 11 (1), 1229.
(15) Liu, F. T.; Rabinovich, G. A. Galectins as modulators of tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5 (1), 29-41.
(16) Liu, F. T.; Patterson, R. J.; Wang, J. L. Intracellular functions of galectins. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002, 1572 (2-3), 263-273.
(17) Dings, R. P. M.; Miller, M. C.; Griffin, R. J.; Mayo, K. H. Galectins as Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2018, 19 (3).
(18) Burguillos, M. A.; Svensson, M.; Schulte, T.; Boza-Serrano, A.; Garcia-Quintanilla, A.; Kavanagh, E.; Santiago, M.; Viceconte, N.; Oliva-Martin, M. J.; Osman, A. M.; et al. Microglia-Secreted Galectin-3 Acts as a Toll-like Receptor 4 Ligand and Contributes to Microglial Activation. Cell Rep 2015, 10 (9), 1626-1638.
(19) Flavin, W. P.; Bousset, L.; Green, Z. C.; Chu, Y.; Skarpathiotis, S.; Chaney, M. J.; Kordower, J. H.; Melki, R.; Campbell, E. M. Endocytic vesicle rupture is a conserved mechanism of cellular invasion by amyloid proteins. Acta Neuropathol 2017, 134 (4), 629-653.
(20) Freeman, D.; Cedillos, R.; Choyke, S.; Lukic, Z.; McGuire, K.; Marvin, S.; Burrage, A. M.; Sudholt, S.; Rana, A.; O'Connor, C.; et al. Alpha-synuclein induces lysosomal rupture and cathepsin dependent reactive oxygen species following endocytosis. PLoS One 2013, 8 (4), e62143.
(21) Siew, J. J.; Chen, H. M.; Chen, H. Y.; Chen, H. L.; Chen, C. M.; Soong, B. W.; Wu, Y. R.; Chang, C. P.; Chan, Y. C.; Lin, C. H.; et al. Galectin-3 is required for the microglia-mediated brain inflammation in a model of Huntington's disease. Nat Commun 2019, 10 (1), 3473.
(22) Siew, J. J.; Chern, Y. Microglial Lectins in Health and Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2018, 11, 158.
(23) Jensen, K. J. Solid-phase peptide synthesis: an introduction. Methods Mol Biol 2013, 1047, 1-21.
(24) Anananuchatkul, T.; Chang, I. V.; Miki, T.; Tsutsumi, H.; Mihara, H. Construction of a Stapled alpha-Helix Peptide Library Displayed on Phage for the Screening of Galectin-3-Binding Peptide Ligands. ACS Omega 2020, 5 (11), 5666-5674.
(25) Chan, Y. C.; Lin, H. Y.; Tu, Z.; Kuo, Y. H.; Hsu, S. D.; Lin, C. H. Dissecting the Structure-Activity Relationship of Galectin-Ligand Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018, 19 (2).
(26) Hsieh, T. J.; Lin, H. Y.; Tu, Z.; Lin, T. C.; Wu, S. C.; Tseng, Y. Y.; Liu, F. T.; Hsu, S. T.; Lin, C. H. Dual thio-digalactoside-binding modes of human galectins as the structural basis for the design of potent and selective inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016, 6, 29457.
(27) Gomes, E.; Shorter, J. The molecular language of membraneless organelles. J Biol Chem 2019, 294 (18), 7115-7127.
(28) Jia, J.; Claude-Taupin, A.; Gu, Y.; Choi, S. W.; Peters, R.; Bissa, B.; Mudd, M. H.; Allers, L.; Pallikkuth, S.; Lidke, K. A.; et al. Galectin-3 Coordinates a Cellular System for Lysosomal Repair and Removal. Dev Cell 2020, 52 (1), 69-87 e68.
(29) Kavcic, N.; Butinar, M.; Sobotic, B.; Hafner Cesen, M.; Petelin, A.; Bojic, L.; Zavasnik Bergant, T.; Bratovs, A.; Reinheckel, T.; Turk, B. Intracellular cathepsin C levels determine sensitivity of cells to leucyl-leucine methyl ester-triggered apoptosis. FEBS J 2020, 287 (23), 5148-5166.