在研究的第一部分，氧化鋅奈米線是使用水熱合成法合成；氧化鋅粒子是使用多元醇溶質法合成；而碳點也是使用水熱合成法合成。氧化鋅奈米線與氧化鋅奈米粒子用於光子學、太陽能電池和光伏裝置，對其複合材料進行表徵分析。已評估氧化鋅奈米線和氧化鋅奈米粒子的效果添加碳點對光伏器件性能的影響。在柔性染料敏化太陽能電池中，在氧化鋅奈米線與氧化鋅粒子 (50 wt%)的混和奈米結構中摻入 11 wt% 的碳點對柔性染料敏化太陽能電池的光電轉換有效。此外，當碳點原始材料之間的莫爾數比(乙二胺：檸檬酸) 為1：1.5時，轉換效率最高 (1.34%)，該值比無碳點氧化鋅奈米線與氧化鋅粒子(50 wt%)的高9.7倍。電化學阻抗譜還表明，摻入碳點(1：1.5)在氧化鋅奈米線與氧化鋅粒子(50 wt%)的柔性染料敏化太陽能電池的電荷轉移電阻最低。
在研究的第二部分，儘管學界對不同氧化鋅的大小和種類有許多研究，但對裸金屬氧化物的量子簇合成研究卻很少。本研究的研究目標是創建簇/奈米粒子並使用飛秒激光輻照以增加氧化鋅的電學、光學和化學功能。飛秒脈衝激光輻照沉積技術在這裡被用於以前驅物水溶液 (pH = 5.5) 和鹼性水溶液 (pH = 10.2) 製造氧化鋅。這些產品被分別命名為 ZnO(F5.5) 和 ZnO(F10.2) 。在這個過程中，鋅離子與水分子分解產生羥基自由基反應(OH*) 反應，Zn(OH*) 2被飛秒激光能量脫水來製造氧化鋅。1-30分鐘輻射後ZnO(F 5.5 )的球形粒徑被發現與ZnO(F 10.2)球體(10-13 nm)相比較小(1-7 nm)。此外，ZnO(F 5.5)顯示出更大的能隙(5.3-5.6 eV)，更長的電子壽命(40.4ms)，以及與ZnO(F 10.2)相比更高的發射強度(483 a.u.)。而關於有害污染物的光降解，在激光照射1分鐘時製備的ZnO(F 5.5)通過在紫外光照射下 15 分鐘以減少甲醛98.5%。然而，ZnO(F 10.2)和其他較大的各種形狀的氧化鋅顆粒，甲醛轉化需要更長的時間。這些結果證實超小的 ZnO 納米粒子(1 nm 大小)可以稱為量子簇，並且具有更好的電學、光學和光催化特性。特別是高效的光催化反應可用於研究氧化鋅量子簇的生態和環境影響。

In the first work, ZnO-nanowire, ZnO-nanoparticles, and Cdots were synthesized by hydrothermal, polyol solvent, and hydrothermal methods, respectively. ZnO-nanowire and nanoparticles are used for the photonics, solar cells, and photovoltaic devices, and the composites were characterized. ZnO nanowires and nanoparticles have been evaluated the effects of added carbon dots (C-dots) on the performance of photovoltaic devices. The photovoltaic conversion of flexible dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was effective for ZnO NW/ZnO NP (50 wt%) and the incorporation of 11 wt% Cdots in the hybrid nanostructures. Additionally, when the mole ratio (ethylene diamine: citric acid) between raw materials of C-dots was 1:1.5, the conversion efficiency was highest (1.34%), and this value was 9.7 times higher than that of FDSSCs ZnO NW/ZnO NP (50 wt%) without C-dots. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also indicated that the charge transfer resistance property was lowest for Cdots(1:1.5)-hybridized ZnO NW/ZnO NP (50 wt%) FDSSCs.
In the second part of the study, despite various studies on the preparation of different types and sizes of ZnO, the synthesis of quantum clusters of bare metal oxide has rarely been reported. The research goals of this study were to create clusters/nanoparticles using femtosecond laser irradiation to increase the electrical, optical, and chemical functionalities of ZnO. Femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation deposition technology was used here to produce ZnO from a precursor in water (pH = 5.5) and an aqueous alkaline solution (pH = 10.2). These products were named ZnO(F5.5) and ZnO(F10.2), respectively. In this procedure, Zn ions react with hydroxyl radicals (OH*) produced by the decomposition of water molecules, and Zn(OH*)2 is dehydrated by femtosecond laser energy to create ZnO. The spherical particle size of ZnO(F5.5) after 1-30 min irradiation was found to be small (1-7 nm) compared to that of ZnO(F10.2) spheres (10-13 nm). Furthermore, ZnO(F5.5) shows a larger band gap (5.3-5.6 eV), a longer electron lifetime (40.4 ms), and a higher emission intensity (483 a.u.) compared to ZnO(F10.2). For the photodegradation of harmful pollutants, ZnO(F5.5) prepared at 1 min of laser irradiation reduces formaldehyde by 98.5% under UV light irradiation for 15 min. However, ZnO(F10.2) and other larger ZnO particles with various shapes require a longer time for formaldehyde conversion. These results confirm that an ultrasmall ZnO nanoparticle (1 nm in size) can be called a quantum cluster and has better electrical, optical, and photocatalyst characteristics. In particular, efficient photocatalytic reactions may be used to study the ecological and environmental impacts of the ZnO quantum cluster.

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