我們需要不同種類的再生能源，如地熱，風力發電，潮汐能和太陽能發電，因為世界不同地區有不同的能源，其中太陽是一種不間斷的能源，太陽能發電利用太陽能並將其轉化為電力，有不同類型的太陽能發電可以為世界人口提供能源永續的方式。
本論文研究了染料敏化太陽能電池，提升光收集系統和基於納米複合材料的電荷分離，太陽能到可再生能源的有效轉換是一個不斷發展的研究領域，我們在這裡，通過使用不同氮含量的ZnO（100）和ZnO（20）納米顆粒（ZnONPs）和碳點（Cdots）設計了納米複合材料，樣品的特徵在於使用透射電子顯微鏡，X射線衍射，X射線光電子能譜，傅里葉變換紅外光譜，紫外（UV）可見吸收光譜和光電流 - 電壓曲線，Cdots在納米複合材料中提供優異的電荷收集，使整個器件能夠在室溫下製造，該界面有助於改善電荷分離和減少電荷複合，從而提高光伏性能，光伏性能增強程度強烈地取決於摻雜ZnO的Cdots的wt％，其中具有10wt％Cdots（2）的納米複合材料顯示出最高的光伏性能，這些太陽能電池顯示出顯著的光伏性能，在納米複合材料上的原始ZnO的功率轉換效率為0.8％，為5.9％，約為7.375倍，太陽能轉換效率的提高仍然是各種太陽能電池設備的重要研究領域。

在本論文的最後部分，我們設計了基於新染料系統的級聯熒光共振能量轉移（級聯FRET），與增感染料相比，擴展了吸收光譜，我們發現，增加吸收光譜 增加吸收光譜必然會使太陽能電池的功率轉換效率提高10.7％的ZnO @ Cdot2）和11.3的NiO @ Cdot（2）（論文3），因此可以得出結論，向氧化鋅中添加足夠量的碳點有可能對低成本光伏太陽能電池的開發作出重大貢獻

There is a need for different kinds of renewable energy sources such as geothermal, wind power, wave power and photovoltaics since different parts of the world have different potentials. The sun is a nonstop energy source. Photovoltaics use the energy of the sun and converts it into electricity. There are different types of photovoltaics that could provide world population with energy in a sustainable way. In this thesis dye-sensitized solar cells are studied. The improvement of light harvesting systems and charge separation based on nanocomposites for efficient conversion of solar energy to renewable energy is an evolving area of study. Here, we have designed nanocomposites by using ZnO(100) and ZnO(20) nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and carbon dots (Cdots) with different nitrogen content. The samples are characterized by using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV)–visible absorption spectra and photocurrent–voltage curves. The Cdots provide superior charge-collection in the nanocomposites, enabling the entire device to be fabricated at room temperatures. This interface contributes to both the improvement of charge separation and the reduction of charge recombination, and thereby enhances the photovoltaic performance. The degree photovoltaic performance enhancement strongly depends on the wt % of Cdots doped of ZnO. The nanocomposite with 10 wt % Cdots (2) shows the highest photovoltaic performance. These solar cells show remarkable photovoltaic performance with a power conversion efficiency 0.8 % up pristine ZnO to 5.9% at nanocomposite which is about 7.375 times. The enhancement of solar energy conversion efficiency has continued to be an important research area for various solar cell devices. In the last part of this thesis, we have designed, new dye system based cascade fluorescence resonance energy transfer (cascade FRET) to extended absorption spectra compared to the sensitizer dye. We found that increasing the absorption spectrum does necessarily increase the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.7 % of ZnO@Cdot2) and 11.3 at NiO@Cdot (2) (paper 3). It can be thus concluded that, addition of adequate amount of Cdots to Zinc oxide have the potential to contribute significantly toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic solar cells.

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