本論文主要在研究應用在伺服器電路板中的電壓調節模組(Voltage Regulator Module, VRM)，當作開關使用的電晶體切換開關時所形成的電源切換雜訊(Switching Power Noise)的產生機制。電源切換雜訊身為一種系統內非理想的雜訊，可能會以電場(電壓)或是電流(磁場)的方式耦合至電壓調節模組附近的訊號線或是電源層或是接地層，進而引發系統的電源完整性(Power Integrity)或是訊號完整性(Signal Integrity)的問題。目前業界及學術界針對電壓調節模組等效電路模型的建構已經有能快速有效模擬其電路行為的解決方案，但這些模型通常不包含高頻的電源切換雜訊，因此本文將聚焦於電壓調節模組的高頻電源切換雜訊的模型化，提出了一個以向量網路分析儀(Vector Network Analyzer)量測2-ports S-parameters為基礎，利用RLC串聯電路阻抗於頻域上的特性去萃取參數的高頻電源切換雜訊模型。

This thesis primarily investigates the generation mechanisms of switching power noise in voltage regulator modules (VRMs) applied to server circuit boards, focusing on the noise produced when using transistors as switching devices. Switching power noise, an undesirable noise within a system, can couple to nearby signal lines, power layers, or ground layers via electric field (voltage) or magnetic field (current), potentially leading to issues in power integrity or signal integrity. Current industry and academic constructed several equivalent circuit models for VRMs can quickly and effectively simulate their circuit behavior. However, these models typically do not encompass high-frequency switching power noise. Consequently, this study concentrates on the high-frequency switching power noise modeling of VRMs, proposing a model based on 2-port S-parameters measurement using a vector network analyzer and extracting parameters through the frequency-domain characteristics of RLC series circuit impedance.

[1] W. Mao, J. He, E. Standford and Y. Li, "Study of Voltage Regulator noise characterization, coupling scheme and simulation method," 19th Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems, Austin, TX, USA, 2010, pp. 201-204
[2] H. Shi, "Perturbation based modeling strategy for weakly coupled interconnects," 2009 IEEE 18th Conference on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems, Portland, OR, USA, 2009, pp. 215-218,
[3] S. Wu et al., "Investigation of noise coupling from switching power supply to signal nets," 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, 2010, pp. 79-84,
[4] M. Sandler, “Measurement Based VRM Modeling,” in Proc. IEEE 21stWorkshop on SPI., Baveno, Italy, May. 2017.
[5] J. P. Agrawal, "Modeling and simulation of low duty ratio buck synchronous converter under large load current switching," 2013 IEEE 63rd Electronic Components and Technology Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2013, pp. 2079-2082
[6] K. Kim, H. Baek, H. Shim, J. Yu, A. C. Scogna and D. Kim, "SMPS noise managing methodology for RFI solution in mobile platforms," 2016 IEEE Electrical Design of Advanced Packaging and Systems (EDAPS), Honolulu, HI, USA, 2016, pp. 21-23
[7] E. H. Hsiung, Y. Li, R. Wu, T. Su, Y. Cheng and K. Wu, "A linear 4-element model of VRM —Characteristics, practical uses and limitations," 2012 IEEE Electrical 60 Design of Advanced Packaging and Systems Symposium (EDAPS), Taipei, Taiwan, 2012, pp. 13-16
[8] Y. Ren, W. Shen and K. Xiao, "VR noise analysis and reduction in printed circuit board designs," 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Raleigh, NC, USA, 2014, pp. 375-380
[9] S. M. Sandler, "Measurement based VRM modeling," 2017 IEEE 21st Workshop on Signal and Power Integrity (SPI), Lake Maggiore, Italy, 2017, pp. 1-4
[10] Amy Luoh, Gene Garrison, Jon Powell, “Switching Voltage Regulator Noise Coupling Analysis for Printed Circuit Board Systems,” DesignCon 2009.
[11] Amy Luoh, et al., “Methods for Discovering and Mitigating Switching Regulator Noise Coupling for Complex PCB System,” DesignCon 2011.
[12] Laura Kocubinski, Gustavo Blando, Istvan Novak, “Mid-Frequency Noise Coupling between DC-DC Converters and High-Speed Signals,” DesignCon 2016.
[13] Bhargava et al., "EMI prediction in switched power supplies by full-wave and non-linear circuit co-simulation," 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Austin, TX, USA, 2009, pp. 41-46
[14] T. Lopez and R. Elferich, "Accurate performance predictions of power MOSFETs in high switching frequency synchronous buck converters for VRM," 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Rhodes, Greece, 2008, pp. 1566-1572,
[15] G. Chen, A. Abou-Alfotouh, Z. Liu, M. Shabban and D. Oh, "Optimization of PCB PDN design using enhanced VRM model," 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Raleigh, NC, USA, 2014, pp. 845-849
[16] K. W. Kam, D. Pommerenke, Cheung-Wei Lam and R. Steinfeld, "EMI analysis methods for synchronous buck converter EMI root cause analysis," 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Detroit, MI, USA, 2008, pp. 1-7
[17] T. Liu, T. T. Y. Wong and Z. J. Shen, "A New Characterization Technique for Extracting Parasitic Inductances of SiC Power MOSFETs in Discrete and Module Packages Based on Two-Port Sparameters Measurement," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 9819-9833, Nov. 2018.
[18] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics—Converters, Applications and Design, 3rd ed., Media Enhanced Edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2003.
[19] Y. Xiong, S. Sun, H. Jia, P. Shea and Z. John Shen, "New Physical Insights on Power MOSFET Switching Losses," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 525-531, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2008.2006567.
[20] T. Liu, R. Ning, T. T. Y. Wong and Z. J. Shen, "Modeling and Analysis of SiC MOSFET Switching Oscillations," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 747-756, Sept. 2016,
[21] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3th ed. New York, NY, USA:Wiley, 2005.
[22] K. Peng, S. Eskandari, and E. Santi, “Analytical loss model for power converters with SiC MOSFET and SiC Schottky diode pair,”in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Sep. 2015, pp. 6153–6160
[23] Saito, Y., T. Ibuchi, T. Funaki, K. Kawai, and T. Tsuda, “A study on EMI noise source modeling with voltage source in synchronous DC-DC buck converter,” 2020 IEEE 11th In ternational Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), 470–475, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2020.
[24] W. Mao, J. He, E. Standford and Y. Li, "Study of Voltage Regulator noise characterization, coupling scheme and simulation method," 19th Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems, Austin, TX, USA, 2010, pp. 201-204, doi: 10.1109/EPEPS.2010.5642599.
[25] 梁適安（2008）。交換式電源供給器之理論與實務設計。臺北縣：全華圖書。