隨著商用的深度攝影機及慣性感測器的普及，人們已經可以通過手勢與計算機進行互動。這極大地豐富了我們與計算機進行互動的場景，也讓互動本身變得更加自然。然而相比於傳統的滑鼠，手勢互動的可用性具有較大的差距。尤其在通過手控制游標進行小目標指向與點擊時，效率低、錯誤率高且容易造成手的疲勞。如何提高手勢進行高精度的任務操作與理解手勢互動的認知模式是急需要被充分研究的議題。
本研究通過四個實驗，從手勢控制游標進行目標指向與點擊入手，試圖解決該問題並以此角度探討手勢互動的框架。首先，通過兩個實驗研究手形與手的Z軸運動軌跡來了解手勢指向中的行為習慣與認知模式。然後通過相關發現進行原型設計以進一步探討手勢互動設計。最後，通過力輔助進行新的原型設計與研究，並以此角度探討手勢互動設計。
研究一發現在遠距離大螢幕互動中，用戶傾向於在高精度任務中使用手指，而通過整個手來完成低精度任務。基於此，用戶通過食指指示手形移動小目標，通過五指張開的手形移動大目標。由於選擇小目標極為困難，用戶會通過伸展手臂去縮短與螢幕間的互動距離。除此之外，方向對 Z 軸方向的手部運動有顯著影響。從正右方開始，逆時針旋轉，方向與Z軸移動的距離呈類似於正弦函數關係。
研究二設計了一種手勢游標原型，該技術通過五指張開的手形來控制區域游標(具較大選擇面積的游標)，同時使用食指指示手形來控制一個標準游標(具單個像素選擇面積的游標)。同時為輔助指向，對手勢游標的CD gain轉化函數及點擊確認技術進行了改進。最後，通過Z軸移動距離來自動控制游標的尺寸。通過可用性測試，手勢游標比傳統控制方式在小目標指向與點擊中具有更高的性能與用戶滿意度。根據研究結果，研究總結了手勢游標的設計建議與應用，並對手勢互動設計進行了討論。
研究三基於研究二的手勢游標CD gain轉化函數，設計了一種力輔助的游標控制技術。通過可用性測試，研究發現基於力輔助的游標控制方式在小目標指向與選擇上比傳統的游標具有更高的效率和更好的用戶滿意度。手的力度輸出可以有效結合其他模態進行人機互動，同時力度大小本身也蘊涵著闡述目標任務精度的信息。研究同時發現通過雙手與計算機進行互動自然且有效，但是雙手協調操作需要更多的練習才能得到掌握，而雙手同時執行複雜的連續任務會影響人們的認知，從而導致較差的互動表現。

Low-cost motion and depth-sensing technology have changed the way humans interact with the computer, and have greatly enriched scenarios for users to interact with the computer. Unlike mouse-based operations used in desktop monitors, freehand distal pointing has no fixed surface support, which results in jitter and faster physical fatigue. These characteristics of freehand pointing make it difficult to hold the cursor steadily and hard to select small targets. Therefore, how to improve the performance of the freehand interaction in high-precision tasks and understand the user behaviors deserve further investigation.
In this study, we explore the problems in freehand distal pointing through four experiments and discussed the framework of the freehand interaction from this perspective. Firstly, the hand shape and the movement in Z dimension was discussed to explore the user behaviors in freehand distal pointing through two experiments. Then, a “hand cursor” was designed based on the result of the previous two experiments. Finally, a new prototype assisted by force was designed and the framework was discussed again in the study.
The first two experiments focus on the relationship between the precision of tasks and gestures including hand shape and hand motion in the Z dimension. Our findings show that users prefer to use index finger gestures and move forward for high-precision selections, while using open hand gestures for large target selections. The orientation had significant effects on hand motions in the Z dimension. The relationship between orientation and hand motions in the Z dimension is similar to a sinusoidal function.
The third experiment investigated a “hand cursor” technique which used an open hand to control an area cursor (i.e., a cursor with a larger active area) while using an index finger extended gesture to switch the area cursor model into a standard cursor model (i.e., a cursor with a single pixel active area). A pointer acceleration (PA) technique based on an improved sigmoid transfer function and a selection technique were applied to the hand cursor to assist target acquisition. A method to parameterize the Z dimension movement distance of the hand was adopted to help control the size of the hand cursor. A usability experiment was conducted to compare the task performance and the user satisfaction of the hand cursor and a standard cursor. The experimental results indicated that the “hand cursor” had higher performance in small target selections and improved the user experience for young people. Based on the results of the investigation, some design suggestions and applications of the hand cursor are summarized to guide freehand interaction with the hand cursor.
The fourth experiment investigated a “force cursor” technique that combining the pressure-based input of the non-preferred hand, the velocity, and the distance of the preferred hand movement to control a cursor for target acquisition. A usability experiment was conducted to compare the task performance and the user satisfaction of the two kinds of the force cursor and a standard cursor based on an original PA technique. The experimental results indicated that the force cursor had higher performance and better user experience in target acquisition. That is, pressure-based input could be combined with other ones in freehand interaction without adding too much cognition burden. Based on the results of the investigation, we found that the bimanual interaction was a natural way to interact with the computer while too complicated operations were applied to both hands might affect the cognition of the users that lead to worse performance.

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