抱怨行為的現象，在人際場域中是相當常見的行為表現；當然，在職場上也不例外。而抱怨行為的成立，需要當事者在行為上，透過口語或任何可見形式表達出來。因此，當員工在職場上對他人抱怨工作時，可能反映出其對於工作相關內容感到不滿，故該員工可能具有較強烈的離職傾向。故本研究欲探討，當員工向不同的對象抱怨其工作內容時，其離職傾向是否受到影響。從解釋水平理論（Construal Level Theory, CLT）出發，本研究將員工表達工作抱怨之傾聽者，依照社會距離區分成兩個層次：近距離（同事或朋友）與遠距離（陌生人）。本研究透過區分出抱怨傾聽者與抱怨工作者在社會距離上的不同，檢驗抱怨者的抱怨內容，是如何影響員工的離職傾向。本研究樣本採線上問卷方式蒐集，共得141份有效樣本。本研究在職場抱怨上，選擇自我揭露（self-disclosure）概念以文字書寫的形式進行，並以語文探索與字詞計算 (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, LIWC) 工具進行文本分析。研究結果發現：職場抱怨的傾聽者在遠距離的層次下，當職場抱怨（1）內容結構越複雜，（2）內容使用越多人稱代名詞，（3）內容使用越多第一人稱單數代名詞，（4）內容使用越少否定詞，（5）內容使用越少負向情緒詞，抱怨者的離職傾向越高。本研究結果顯示，職場抱怨內容中的某些特定語言向度，能調節抱怨者於不同對象進行職場抱怨之離職傾向。

Complaining behavior is a social phenomenon that is frequently seen in human society, including the workplace. By making complaints through verbal or nonverbal behavior, complainers express their dissatisfaction. Given that, when employees complain about work-related issues, it may reflect that they are not satisfied with their work, which may result in a stronger turnover intention. The purpose of this study was to study if employees’ turnover intention is affected by listeners to whom employees complain about their work. According to the concept of social distance in Construal Level Theory (CLT), the current research classified the listeners to two categories on social distance: close (colleagues or friends) vs. far (strangers) distance. Based on the classification, this study examined when employees make complaints to different listeners (close vs. far distance), how the levels of social distance influence employees’ complaining language on turnover intention. A sample of 141 employees was collected via online questionnaire. Employees were asked to make complaints about their work in a writing format. Those written files were analyzed by a software program, namely Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). The results of this study found that employees complain about their work to listeners who are on the level of a far social distance, when those complaints showed (1) the more complex the content structure, (2) the higher frequency of the use of personal pronoun, (3) the higher frequency of the use of “I”, (4) the lower frequency of the use of negating word, and (5) the lower frequency of the use of negative emotional word, employees reported stronger turnover intention. These findings suggest that language dimensions on work complaints to different listeners can moderate the effect of social distance on turnover intention. The implications of work complaints and language analysis are discussed.

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郭玟儀（民101）。廣告內容設計對消費者廣告態度與購買意願的影響-以空間距離為干擾變數（碩士論文）。取自臺灣博碩士論文系統。
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