數位時代科技技術的發展與演進，著作創新的多元多變，著作權涵蓋的表達方式比歷史上任何時候都更為多元與創新，生成式人工智慧產生的創意作品爆紅、蔚為風潮，但面臨的著作權等法律相關問題迫在眉睫，如AI生成著作是否為衍生著作的侵權產品，或能否足以構成轉化性的合理使用。
美國1994年Campbell案後發揮巨大影響，轉化性使用幾乎已成為多數合理使用判決的代名詞，是近三十年來合理使用問題的指南，但下級法院在如何評估轉化性使用，及合理使用因素進行的權衡存在許多分歧。長達十年Oracle與Google著作權訴訟案2021年終於落幕，法院最終認定Google合理使用。2023年5月最高法院罕見對知名藝術家Andy Warhol著作是否為合理使用問題之判決，對AI未來的發展極其重要。三個最高法院判決核心的問題均與著作權合理使用之轉化性使用相關。
本論文以著作權轉化性使用在合理使用判斷上的司法見解，依美國最高法院三個重要判決為分析依據，探討美國著作權合理使用轉化性使用之應用、界定轉化性使用與衍生著作之差異、因應科技的發展突顯技術的合理使用等問題，希望釐清轉化性使用，期望進一步完整合理使用原則與分析。
最高法院判決不時提醒，美國憲法賦予國會制訂著作權法的目標，為刺激創造性活動進步，以豐富公眾智力，增加大眾對知識的收穫。合理使用需時時根據憲法總目標與著作權的目的逐案分析，總結三個個案對轉化性合理使用的分析方式與因素都盡量納入考慮，與其他因素進行權衡。著作是否具有轉化性是程度問題，衍生著作和轉化性使用兩者不相互排斥，著作所有者有創造衍生著作的專有權，要符合轉化性的要求，新的使用必須超出衍生著作的要求。對原件進行轉化性使用所需的轉化程度，必須超過符合衍生著作資格所需的程度。
第一項合理使用因素目的和特徵（性質）是最主要的，具體的使用是否有進一步的目的或不同的性質是程度問題，且必須與其他因素（如商業）與使用的正當性有關，轉化性的差異必須在具體用途的背景下分析進行權衡。第一項因素詢問所討論的使用是否以及在多大程度上，具有與原作不同的目的或特徵，差異越大，第一項因素越有可能支持合理使用。而第三項因素與第一、第四項因素相關，必須根據二次創作的目的和特點、轉化性元素及對市場替代潛力的考慮，來決定對原著所使用的數量進行評估。第四項因素需探究受質疑的使用是否為著作的市場替代品，或對原作需求的市場之補充，並考慮衍生著作的潛在市場。而新的技術若能以提供公共利益的方式，使用的著作具有轉化性（或增值）的目的，則有利於合理使用。

With the development and evolution of science and technology in the digital age, the variability and innovation of works, and the copyright ways to express ideas or concepts are more diversified and innovative than ever before in history. The creative works generated by generative artificial intelligence have become popular and trendy. But Copyright and other legal issues are imminent, such as whether AI- generated works are infringing products of derivative works, or whether they are sufficient to constitute transformative fair use.
After the 1994 Campbell case In the U.S., transformative use has had a significant impact, becoming almost synonymous with most fair use judgments and has been the guideline for fair use issues in the past three decades. However, the lower courts on how to evaluate transformative use and weigh the factors of fair use remains inconsistent. The decade-long copyright litigation between Oracle and Google concluded in 2021, and the Supreme Court finally found Google's use of the JAVA API as a fair use. In May 2023, the Supreme Court made a rare judgment on whether the works of famous artist Andy Warhol are fair use issues, which is extremely important for the future development of AI. The core issues of the three Supreme Court judgments are all related to the transformative use of copyright fair use.
This thesis focuses on the judicial perspective on the fair use judgment of copyright transformative use, based on the analysis of three important judgments of the U.S. Supreme Court, to explore the application of transformative use of copyright fair use, define the differences between transformative use and derivative works, and highlight the fair use of technology in response to the development of technology, and expects to further complete the principles and analysis of fair use.
The Supreme Court's judgments from time to time remind that the U.S. Constitution gave Congress the goal of enacting copyright laws to stimulate the progress of creative activities, enrich the public's intelligence, and increase the public's harvest of knowledge. Fair use requires a case-by-case analysis based on the overall constitutional objectives and the purposes of copyright. The three cases summarize the analysis methods and factors of transformative fair use should be taken into consideration as much as possible, and weighed against other factors. Whether a copyrighted work is transformative is a matter of degree. Derivative works and transformative uses are not mutually exclusive; the owner of a copyrighted work has the exclusive right to create derivative works, and to comply with the requirements of transformative use, the new use must go beyond the requirements of the derivative work.
The purpose and characteristics (nature) of the first fair use factor are the most important. Whether the specific use has a further purpose or a different nature is a matter of degree and must be related to other factors ( e.g., commercial nature ) and the appropriateness of the use, and differences of transformative use must be analyzed and weighed in the context of the specific use. The first factor asks whether and to what extent the discussed use has different purposes or features from the original work. The greater the difference, the more likely the first factor to weigh in favor of fair use. The third factor is related to the first and fourth factors, and must be evaluated in terms of the purpose and characteristics of the secondary work, the transformative elements, and consideration of the potential for market substitution to determine the amount of use made of the original. The fourth factor needs to explore whether the challenged use is a market substitute for the work, or a complement to the market demand for the original work, and to consider the potential market for derivative works. If new technologies can be used in a way that provides public interest and has a transformative (or value-added) purpose, it is conducive to fair use.

一、中文部分
（一）書籍
陳家駿，AI人工智能vs智慧財產權，頁140-141，元照出版社，2022年。
劉孔中，解構智財法及其與競爭法的衝突與調和，頁003、227，新學林出版社，2015年

（二）期刊
耿筠、劉江彬，美國著作權合理使用之重要判例研究，智慧財產權，第44期，頁61-63頁，2002年08月
闕光威，合理使用對內容產業的管理意涵－以市場失靈理論為核心，政大智慧財產評論，第七卷 第一期，頁3，2009年

（三）其他資料
立法院議事暨公報資訊網，立法院第8屆第1會期第6次會議議案關係文書，2012年4月12日印發，https://ppg.ly.gov.tw/ppg/download/agenda1/02/pdf/08/01/06/LCEWA01_080106_00049.pdf，（最後瀏覽日：2023年07月07日）
佳士得，2010現場拍賣2805亞洲當代藝術及中國二十世紀藝術晚間拍賣，https://www.christies.com/zh/lot/lot-5323009，（最後瀏覽日：2023年7月7日）
陳宛茜，安迪·沃荷「槍擊瑪麗蓮」拍出58億 史上第二貴畫作，聯合報，2022年5月10日，https://udn.com/news/story/12660/6302996，（最後瀏覽日：2022年6月3日）

二、英文部分
（一）書籍
Band, Jonathan and Gerafi, Jonathan, Fair Use/Fair Dealing Handbook (2013).
Lessig, Lawrence, Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity, 187 (2004).
Plant, Arnold, The Economic Aspects of Copyright in Books, 1 ECONOMICA, NEW SERIES 167 (1934).

（二）期刊論文
Adler, Amy, Fair Use and the Future of Art., 91 New York University Law Review 559, 619、626 (2016)
Asay, Clark D., An Empirical Study of Copyright’s Substantial Similarity Test, 13 UC Irvine Law Review 35, 40 (2022).
Asay, Clark D. & Sloan, Arielle & Sobczak, Dean, Is Transformative Use Eating the World?, 61 Boston College Law Review 905, 917, 931-937, 941-942, 949-950, 965-966 (2020).
Balganesh, Shyamkrishna & Menell, Peter S., Misreading Campbell: Lessons from Warhol, 72 Duke Law Journal Online 113-145, 115, 130-133, footnote 9 & 12 (2023)
Berlowitz, Joshua, The Five-Factor Framework: A New Approach to Analyzing Public Benefits in Fair Use Cases, 46 Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 101, (2022)
Bohannan, Christina, Copyright Harm, Foreseeability, and Fair Use, 85 Wash. U. L. Rev. 0969, 1000, 1010, 1017 (2007).
Deazley, Ronan, The Statute of Anne and the Great Abridgement Swindle, 47 Hous. L. Rev., 816 (2010).
Depoorter, Ben, Technology and Uncertainty: The Shaping Effect on Copyright Law, 157 U. PA. L. REV. 1831, 1838 (2009).
Chen, Madelyn, An Intentionalist Proposal to Reform the Transformative Use Doctrine, 30 J. INTELL. PROP. L. 55, 58-61, 75-79 (2022)
Eisenberg, Theodore, Appeal Rates and Outcomes in Tried and Nontried Cases: Further Exploration of Anti-Plaintiff Appellate Outcomes, 1 J. EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUD. 659, 659–660 (2004)
Elkin-Koren, Niva & Fischman Afori, Orit, Rulifying Fair Use, 59 Arizona Law Review 161, 176-177 (2017)
Goodman, Jessica Dickinson, Historical Understandings of Derivative Works and Modern Copyright Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, 13 (2011).
Fisher, William W., Reconstructing the Fair Use Doctrine, 101 Harv. L. Rev. 1661, 1753&1755 (1988).
Fisher, William W., Theories of Intellectual Property, in NEW ESSAYS IN THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL THEORY OF PROPERTY 168-199 (Stephen Munzer ed. 2001).
Fromer, Jeanne C., Market Effects Bearing on Fair Use, 90 WASH. L. REV. 615, 634-35 (2015)
Garon, Jon M., Normative Copyright: A Conceptual Framework for Copyright Philosophy and Ethics, 88 CORNELL L. REV. 1278, 1307 (2003)
Gordon, Wendy J., Fair Use as Market Failure, Betamax Case and Its Predecessors, 82 COLUM. L. REV. 1600, 1602 (1982)
Gordon, Wendy J., Fair Use as Market Failure: A Structural and Economic Analysis of the Betamax Case and Its Predecessors, 82 COLUM. L. REV. 1600, 1602, 1615, 1627–35 (1982)
Heineman, Natalie, Computer Software Derivative Works: The Calm before the Storm, 8 Journal of High Technology Law, 235, 238 (2008)
Hughes, Justin, The Respective Roles of Judges and Juries in Copyright Fair Use, 58 Hous. L. Rev., 330 (2020).
Hurt, Robert M. & Schuchman, Robert M., The Economic Rationale of Copyright, 56 AM. ECON. REV. 421, 421-428 (1966).
Jütte, Bernd Justin & Mezei, Péter, Does Andy Warhol Foundation v Goldsmith Mark the End of the European Fair Use Fetish?, (June 16, 2023). European Intellectual Property Review, 2023, 45(9), 3, 23, 37, 45, (Forthcoming)
Kasdan, Michael & Pattengale, Brian A., The Once Thought Far-Off-In-The-Future Challenges to Copyright Law Posed by Artificial Intelligence Have Arrived: And I for One—Gulp—Welcome Our New Robot Overlords, les Nouvelles - Journal of the Licensing Executives Society, Volume LVIII No. 1, 67 (2023).
Karjala, Dennis S., Copyright Protection of Operating Software, Copyright Misuse, and Antitrust, 9 CORNELL J.L. & PUB. POL’Y 161, 163 (1999)
Ku, Raymond Shih Ray, The Creative Destruction of Copyright: Napster and the New Economics of Digital Technology, 69(1) The University of Chicago Law Review 263, (2002)
Kudon, Jeremy, Form Over Function: Expanding the Transformative Use Test For Fair Use, 80 B.U. L. REV. 579, 592 (2000).
Kwok, Kelvin Hiu Fai, Google Book Search, Transformative Use, and Commercial Intermediation: An Economic Perspective, 17 Yale J.L. & Tech 283, 287-290 (2015).
Landes, William M. & Posner, Richard A., An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law, 18 J. LEGAL STUD. 325 (1989).
Lee, Edward, Technological Fair Use, 83 Southern California Law Review 797, 805-807, 811-827, 835-847 (2010)
Leval, Pierre N., Toward a Fair Use Standard, 103 Harvard Law Review 1105, 1108, 1110, 1111, 1116, 1135 (1990).
Leval, Pierre N., Campbell as Fair Use Blueprint?, 90 Wash. L. Rev. 597, 600-604, 611-612 (2015).
Lim, Daryl, Saving Substantial Similarity, 73 FLA. L. REV. 591, 598 (2021).
Litman, Jessica D., Copyright, Compromise and Legislative History, 72 CORNELL L. REV. 857, 875–77 (1987).
Liu, Jiarui, An Empirical Study of Transformative Use in Copyright Law, 22 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 163, 168-169, 194-195, 199-200, 204, 240-241 (2019)
Liu, Joseph P., Two-Factor Fair Use ? , 31(4) Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 571, (2008)
Madison, Michael J., A Pattern-Oriented Approach to Fair Use, 45 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1525, 1597 (March 2004).
Madison, Michael J., Rewriting Fair Use and the Future of Copyright Reform, 23 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. 391, 398 (2005).
Menell, Peter S., Adapting Copyright for the Mashup Generation, 164 U. PA. L. REV. 441, 487 (2016).
McGowan, David, Why the First Amendment Cannot Dictate Copyright Policy, 65 U. PITT. L. REV. 281, 282 (2004)
Myers, Gary, Muddy Waters: Fair Use Implications of Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., 19 Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. 155, 179, 187 (2022).
Netanel, Neil Weinstock, Introduction, Copyright's Paradox., Oxford University Press 2008, UCLA School of Law Research Paper No. 08-06, 7 (2008).
Netanel, Neil Weinstock, Making Sense of Fair Use, 15 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 715, 734-738, 743-746 (2011)
Nimmer, Melville B., Does Copyright Abridge the First Amendment Guarantees of Free Speech and Press, 17 UCLA L. REV. at 1200–01, 1203–04 (1970)
Nipps, Karen, Cum Privilegio: Licensing of the Press Act of 1662, The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy 84, no. 4, 494, 494-495 (2014).
Ochoa, Tyler T., Copyright, Derivative Works and Fixation: Is Galoob a Mirage, or Does the Form(GEN) of the Alleged Derivative Work Matter?, 20 Santa Clara High Tech. L.J. 991, 1018-1019 (2004).
Reid, Amanda, Copyright Policy as Catalyst and Barrier to Innovation and Free Expression, 68 Cath. U. L. Rev. 33, 34 (2019).
Patterson, Lyman Ray, In The Statute of Anne: Copyright Misconstrued, 3 Harv. J. on Legis. 223, 223-224 (1965-1966).
Patterson, L. Ray, Folsom v. Marsh and Its Legacy, 5 J. Intell. Prop. L. 431, 450-451 (1998).
Patterson, L. Ray & Joyce, Craig, Copyright in 1791: An Essay Concerning the Founders' View of the Copyright Power Granted to Congress in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution. 52 Emory Law Journal 909, 916-924, 933 (2003).
Said, Zahr K., Foreword: Fair Use in the Digital Age, and Campbell v. Acuff-Rose at 21, 90 Wash. L. Rev. 579, 581, 583 (2015).
Sag, Matthew, God in the Machine: A New Structural Analysis of Copyright's Fair Use Doctrine, 11 Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev. 381, 382, 404-405 (2005).
Sag, Matthew, The Prehistory of Fair Use, 76 Brook. L. Rev. 1371, 1371-1373, 1409-1412 (2011).
Sag, Matthew, Predicting Fair Use, 73 OHIO ST. L.J. 47, 56 (2012).
Samuelson, Pamela, Possible Futures of Fair Use, 90 Wash. L. Rev. 815, 822, 824 (2015).
Slavitt, Kelly M., Fixation of Derivative Works in A Tangible Medium: Technology Forces A Reexamination, 46 IDEA 37, 38, 68-69 (2005).
Tomassian, Laurie, Transforming the Fair Use Landscape by Defining the Transformative Factor, 90 S. CAL. L. REV. 1329, 1331, 1340-1351 (2017)
Wurzer, Michael, Infringement of the Exclusive Right to Prepare Derivative Works: Reducing Uncertainty, 73 MINN. L. REV. 1521, n.10 (1989).

（三）法院判決
Alfred Bell & Co. Ltd. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc. et al, 191 F.2d 99 (2d Cir. 1951)
Associated Press v. United States, 326 U.S. 1 (1945)
Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. v. Campbell, 754 F.Supp. 1150 (1991) at 1152
Acuff-Rose Music Inc. v. Campbell, 972 F.2d 1429 ( 6th Cir. 1992 ) at 1432
Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, 382 F.Supp.3d 312 (2019)
Andy Warhol Foundation for Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, 11 F.4th 26 (2021)
Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, 143 S.Ct. 1258 (2023)
Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F.3d 202 (2015)
Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1879) at 103
Berlin v. E.C. Publ’ns, 329 F.2d 541, 543–44 (2d Cir. 1964)
Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 448 F.3d 605, 615 (2d Cir. 2006)
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 251–52 (1903)
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc, 510 U.S. 569, 578-585 (1994).
Cariou v. Prince, 714 F.3d 694 (2d Cir. 2013)
Dellar v. Samuel Goldwyn, Inc., 104 F.2d 661, 662 (2d Cir. 1939)
Emerson v. Davies, 13 Hunt Mer. Mag. 558 (1845), at 619
Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186, 219–20 (2003)
Experian Information Solutions, Inc. v. Nationwide Marketing Servs. Inc., 893 F.3d 1176, 1186 (C.A.9 2018)
Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991) at 346
Folsom v. March, 9 F. Cas. 342 (C.C.D. Mass. 1841) (No. 4901).
Google, Inc. v. Oracle Am., Inc., 576 U.S. 1071 (2015).
Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., 141 S.Ct. 1183 (2021)
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters., 471 U.S. 539, 558 (1985)
Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of Am., Inc. - 964 F.2d 965 (9th Cir. 1992)
Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 387 F.3d 522, 543–545 (C.A.6 2004)
Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland Int’l, Inc., 49 F.3d 807, 820 (C.A.1 1995)
Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google Inc., 872 F. Supp. 2d 974 (N.D. Cal. 2012) at 976
Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google Inc., 750 F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2014) at 1348、1361、1377、1381
Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google Inc., No. C 10-03561, 2016 WL 3181206, at *1 (N.D. Cal. June 8, 2016).
Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google LLC, 886 F.3d 1179 (Fed. Cir. 2018) at 1186、1193、1195、1210
Midway Mfg. v. Strohon, 564 F. Supp. 741, n.6 (N.D. Ill. 1983).
New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U. S. 713, 403 U. S. 726, n. (1971)
Princeton Univ. Press v. Mich. Doc. Servs., Inc., 99 F.3d 1381, 1392 (6thCir. 1996)
Rosemont Enters. v. Random House, Inc., 366 F.2d 303, 307 (2d Cir. 1966)
Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510, 1521–1527 (C.A.9 1992)
Sony Corp. of Am. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 430 (1984)
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp., 203 F.3d 596, 603–608 (C.A.9 2000)
Stowe v. Thomas, 23 F. Cas. 201 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1853) (No. 13,514)
Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co., 268 F.3d at 1261
TCA Television Corp. v. McCollum, 839 F.3d 168, 181 (2d Cir. 2016).
Ty, Inc. v. Publ’ns Int’l, Ltd., 292 F.3d 512, 522 (7th Cir. 2002)
Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., 676 F.3d 19 (2nd Cir., 2012)

（四）網路資料
Action Network and The Authors Guild, Open Letter to Generative AI Leaders, at https://actionnetwork.org/petitions/authors-guild-open-letter-to-generative-ai-leaders, last visited 08/20/2023
Adobe Firefly, https://firefly.adobe.com/, last visited 07/07/2023
American Foundation for the Blind, Does Production of Third-Party Described Content Constitute Creation of Derivative Works?, at https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision/your-rights/appropriate-copyright-way-people-disabilities-how-would-you-2, last visited 07/07/2023
Agomuoh, Fionna & Larsen, Luke, ChatGPT: How to use the AI chatbot that’s changing everything, Digital Trends, (June 20, 2023), at https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/how-to-use-openai-chatgpt-text-generation-chatbot/, last visited 07/07/2023
Art In Context, Appropriation in Art – How and Why Artists Use Existing Elements (April 5, 2023), at https://artincontext.org/appropriation-in-art/#, last visited 07/07/2023
Artnet, Andy Warhol, at https://www.artnet.com/artists/andy-warhol/, last visited 07/07/2023
Artnet, Lynn Goldsmith, at https://www.artnet.com/artists/lynn-goldsmith/, last visited 07/07/2023
Association of Research Libraries, Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the United States, at https://www.arl.org/copyright-timeline/, last visited 07/07/2023
Authors Guild, U.S. Supreme Court Agrees with Authors Guild in Fair Use Case, (June 6, 2023), at https://authorsguild.org/news/us-supreme-court-agrees-with-authors-guild-in-fair-use-case/, last visited 07/07/2023
Bailey, Jonathan, Understanding the Supreme Court’s Google v Oracle Ruling, Plagiarism Today, (April 6, 2021), at https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2021/04/06/understanding-the-supreme-courts-google-v-oracle-ruling/, last visited 07/07/2023
Bailey, Jonathan, How the Warhol Ruling Could Change Fair Use, Plagiarism Today, (May 18, 2023), at https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2023/05/18/how-the-warhol-ruling-could-change-fair-use/, last visited 07/07/2023
Bailey, Jonathan, What the Warhol Ruling May Mean for AI, Plagiarism Today, (May 23, 2023), at https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2023/05/23/what-the-warhol-ruling-may-mean-for-ai/, last visited 07/07/2023
Bandlow, Lincoln & Reid, Cat, Justice Breyer’s Copyright History and the Justice Jackson Copyright Mystery, American Bar Association, (Oct. 14, 2022), at https://www.americanbar.org/groups/communications_law/publications/communications_lawyer/2022-fall/justice-breyers-copyright-history-and-justice-jackson-copyright-mystery/, last visited 07/07/2023
Berman, Bruce, Fair Use or Fair Game? Bad Copyright Behavior is Infectious, IPWatchdog (March 15, 2023), at https://ipwatchdog.com/2023/03/15/fair-use-fair-game-bad-copyright-behavior-infectious/id=157744/, last visited 07/07/2023
Biermann, Maia, Protecting trade secrets in the age of ChatGPT, IAM, (June 02, 2023), at https://www.iam-media.com/article/protecting-trade-secrets-in-the-age-of-chatgpt, last visited 07/07/2023
Blake Brittain, OpenAI, Microsoft want court to toss lawsuit accusing them of abusing open-source code, Reuters, (January 28, 2023), at https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/openai-microsoft-want-court-toss-lawsuit-accusing-them-abusing-open-source-code-2023-01-27/, last visited 07/07/2023
Butterick, Matthew, We’ve filed a lawsuit challenging Stable Diffusion, a 21st-century collage tool that vio­lates the rights of artists. Because AI needs to be fair & ethical for everyone, Stable Diffusion litigation, (January 13, 2023), at https://stablediffusionlitigation.com/, last visited 07/07/2023
CAMPBELL SOUP COMPANY, Campbell Celebrates Andy Warhol and 50 Years of Pop Culture History, (Aug 29, 2012), at https://www.campbellsoupcompany.com/newsroom/press-releases/campbell-celebrates-andy-warhol-and-50-years-of-pop-culture-history/, last visited 07/07/2023
Carlisle, Stephen, Supreme Court Saves the Derivative Works Right from “Transformative” Extinction; And Why AI Should Be Worried, Nova Southeastern University, (May 25, 2023), at http://copyright.nova.edu/derivative-works/, last visited 07/07/2023
Carnevale, Robert, Big AI Implications Lurk in the Supreme Court’s Andy Warhol Verdict | Analysis, Yahoo, (May 20, 2023), at https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/big-ai-implications-lurk-supreme-232941183.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWNrZHVja2dvLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAGh8EXFfnloQpV059Yqla3rj-Gjg3HHcPZFDBnNv92D2oKOQLGcbgNPpX8yXLyHnNNPJtuoJm0x1b4XLp0YS6vLUZ93zRLtHJK9WiCXPVbu5_hLsKJgky2HIwekb1J2o3kBheeFmyIcY7iWqpkYMbD5kiTQm8wrW7B-Nj7zkAEBp, last visited 07/07/2023
CARLISLE, MADELEINE, How Google’s Big Supreme Court Victory Could Change Software Forever, TIME USA, (APRIL 6, 2021), at https://time.com/5952718/google-oracle-supreme-court/, last visited 07/07/2023
Cascone, Sarah, Did the Supreme Court’s Warhol Decision Further Complicate Copyright Law? Experts Weigh in on the Ruling’s Ramifications, Artnet, (May 26, 2023), at https://news.artnet.com/art-world/warhol-goldsmith-prince-ruling-fallout-2307975, last visited 07/07/2023
Copyright Alliance, Oracle America v. Google, at https://copyrightalliance.org/copyright-cases/oracle-america-v-google/, last visited 07/07/2023
Copyright Alliance, Copyright Alliance Applauds SCOTUS Decision in Warhol v. Goldsmith Case, (May 18, 2023), at https://copyrightalliance.org/press-releases/warhol-goldsmith-case-decision/, last visited 07/07/2023
Cornell Law School, fixed in a tangible medium of expression, at https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/fixed_in_a_tangible_medium_of_expression#:~:text=A%20work%20first%20must%20be,through%20visual%20or%20audio%20means, last visited 07/07/2023
Cornell University Library, Copyright Services: Copyright Term and the Public Domain, at https://guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain, last visited 07/07/2023
Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA), Fair Use in the U.S. Economy: 2017, (June 2017), at https://ccianet.org/fairusestudy/, last visited 07/07/2023
Dahl, Cynthia, Fair Use in Visual Arts, University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, (May 24, 2023), at https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/news/15861-fair-use-in-visual-arts, last visited 07/07/2023
Dreyer, Anthony & Feirman, Jordan & Dvoretzky Shay & Bisaillon, Ryan & Skadden, Arps, Slate, Supreme Court Addresses Copyright Fair Use Defense in Goldsmith, Casetext, (May 22, 2023), at https://casetext.com/analysis/supreme-court-addresses-copyright-fair-use-defense-in-goldsmith?sort=relevance&resultsNav=false&q=, last visited 07/07/2023
Eichner, Samuel, Warhol’s Ghost in the Machine: What Warhol v. Goldsmith Means for Generative AI, IPWatchdog, (Jun 8, 2023), at https://ipwatchdog.com/2023/06/08/warhols-ghost-machine-goldsmith-v-warhol-means-generative-ai/, last visited 07/07/2023
Elizaroff, Natalie, Google v. Oracle – The Monumental Copyright Case that the Supreme Court Got Wrong, @theBar blog, the Chicago Bar Association’s Young Lawyers Section (YLS), (May 14, 2021), at https://cbaatthebar.chicagobar.org/2021/05/14/google-v-oracle-the-monumental-copyright-case-that-the-supreme-court-got-wrong/, last visited 07/07/2023
Final Report of the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works, Chapter 1, (July 31, 1978), at http://www.webcitation.org/5Y8IAw9K8, last visited 07/07/2023
Ford, Matt, When Is a Warhol Not a Warhol?, The New Republic, (March 30, 2022), at https://newrepublic.com/article/165893/andy-warhol-goldsmith-prince-copyright, last visited 07/07/2023
Ford, Matt, The Supreme Court Says Andy Warhol’s 15 Minutes Are Up, The New Republic, (May 19, 2023), at https://newrepublic.com/article/172830/warhol-goldsmith-supreme-court-ai, last visited 07/07/2023
GAMBINO, DARIUS, The View from the Court’s 2 Live Crew: Examining the Thomas/Alito Dissent in Google v. Oracle, IPWatchdog, (April 13, 2021), at https://ipwatchdog.com/2021/04/13/view-courts-2-live-crew-examining-thomas-alito-dissent-google-v-oracle/id=132230/, last visited 07/07/2023
Gopnik, Blake, Ruling Against Warhol Shouldn’t Hurt Artists. But It Might, The New York Times, (May 23, 2023), at https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/19/arts/design/warhol-prince-supreme-court-copyright.html, last visited 07/07/2023
Hart, Terry, AWF v. Goldsmith and justification, Copyhype, (June 21, 2023), at https://www.copyhype.com/2023/06/awf-v-goldsmith-and-justification/, last visited 07/07/2023
Jenkins, Jennifer, January 1, 2023 is Public Domain Day: Works from 1927 are open to all!, Center for the Study of the Public Domain, at https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/publicdomainday/2023/, last visited 07/07/2023
Jenner & Block, Client Alert: Putting the “Use” Back in Fair Use: The Supreme Court Decides Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, Casetext Inc., (Jun 8, 2023), at https://casetext.com/analysis/client-alert-putting-the-use-back-in-fair-use-the-supreme-court-decides-andy-warhol-foundation-for-the-visual-arts-inc-v-goldsmith?sort=relevance&resultsNav=false&q=, last visited 07/07/2023
Joseph Saveri and Matthew Butterick, We’ve filed law­suits chal­leng­ing Chat­GPT and LLaMA, industrial-strength plagiarists that violate the rights of book authors. Because AI needs to be fair & eth­i­cal for every­one., (June 28, 2023), at https://llmlitigation.com/, last visited 08/20/2023
Justia, AMICUS BRIEF, on behalf of, The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc., FILED. Service date 11/03/2011 by CM/ECF. [438092] [11-1197]--[Edited 11/03/2011 by HT], at https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/11-1197/139, last visited 07/07/2023
Karol, Peter J., AFTER WARHOL, The transformative impact of Warhol v. Goldsmith, Artforum, (June 05, 2023), at https://www.artforum.com/slant/the-transformative-impact-of-warhol-v-goldsmith-90667, last visited 07/07/2023
Kaufman, Jeffrey Robert, What Google v. Oracle means for open source, Opensource.com, (May 5, 2021), at https://opensource.com/article/21/5/google-v-oracle#1, last visited 07/07/2023
Kenedy, Jennifer A. & Rutledge, Jorden, Locke Lord QuickStudy: Warhol’s Brush With AI: Redefining Fair ‎Use for Generative AI ‎and Large Language ‎Models‎, Locke Lord LLP, ( June 27, 2023), at https://www.lockelord.com/newsandevents/publications/2023/06/warhol-artificial-intelligence, last visited 08/20/2023
Hansen, Connor, Google v. Oracle: SCOTUS Sides with Google on Fair Use, But Is The Ruling Narrower Than It Seems?, JD Supra, LLC, (April 19, 2021), at https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/google-v-oracle-scotus-sides-with-4450778/, last visited 07/07/2023
Hartog, Kelly, AI and the Law: It’s the ‘Wild, Wild West’ Out There, The WRAP (May 10, 2023), at https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ai-law-wild-wild-west-130000407.html, last visited 07/07/2023
Henderson, Peter and Li, Xuechen and Jurafsky, Dan and Hashimoto, Tatsunori and Lemley, Mark A. and Liang, Percy,, Foundation Models and Fair Use, (March 27, 2023), at https://ssrn.com/abstract=4404340, last visited 07/07/2023
Hickey, Kevin J., Google v. Oracle: Supreme Court Rules for Google in Landmark Software Copyright Case, Congressional Research Service (CRS), at 2 (May 10, 2021), at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10597, last visited 07/07/2023
HistoryofInformation, The Statute of Anne: The First Copyright Statute, at https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2955, last visited 07/07/2023
IBM, What is generative AI?, at https://research.ibm.com/blog/what-is-generative-AI, last visited 07/07/2023
Maddrey, Thomas, BREAKING NEWS: Lynn Goldsmith Prevails in 7-2 Supreme Court Decision, ASMP, (May 18, 2023), at https://www.asmp.org/news/breaking-news-lynn-goldsmith-prevails-in-7-2-supreme-court-decision/, last visited 07/07/2023
Masterworks Fine Art Gallery, Andy Warhol Campbell's Soup, 1968, at https://www.masterworksfineart.com/artists/andy-warhol/campbells-soup, last visited 07/07/2023
McNearney, Allison, This Andy Warhol Artwork Was Stolen, and Never Seen Again, The Daily Beast Company LLC, (Jan. 13, 2019), at https://www.thedailybeast.com/this-andy-warhol-artwork-was-stolen-and-never-seen-again, last visited 07/07/2023
Meckes, Joe, Supreme Court Holds Warhol’s “Orange Prince” Not Transformative, Not Fair Use, Squire Patton Boggs, (June 2, 2023), at https://www.iptechblog.com/2023/06/supreme-court-holds-warhols-orange-prince-not-transformative-not-fair-use/, last visited 07/07/2023
MEYER, MARK, Copyright: How did transformative use become fair use?, Mark Meyer Photography, at https://www.photo-mark.com/notes/how-did-transformative-use-become-fair/, last visited 07/07/2023
Moglen, Eben, Google v. Oracle: The End of an Era, Software Freedom Law Center, (January 18, 2022), at https://softwarefreedom.org/blog/2022/jan/18/google-oracle-endera/, last visited 07/07/2023
Moss, Aaron, Let’s Go Hazy: Making Sense of Fair Use After Warhol, Copyright Lately, (May 22, 2023), at https://copyrightlately.com/making-sense-of-copyright-fair-use-after-warhol/, last visited 07/07/2023
Museum of Modern Art Learning, Pop Art, at https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/pop-art/, last visited 07/07/2023
O'Donnell, Nicholas, Sullivan & Worcester, Look to the Purpose, not the Meaning—Supreme Court Rejects Warhol Foundation’s Fair Use Defense Against Lynn Goldsmith, JD Supra, LLC, (May 26, 2023), at https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/look-to-the-purpose-not-the-meaning-6125120/, last visited 07/07/2023
Pereira, Daniel, Andy Warhol and Prince are the Future of Generative AI and Copyright Law, OODA Loop, (May 28, 2023), at https://www.oodaloop.com/archive/2023/05/28/andy-warhol-and-prince-are-the-future-of-generative-ai-and-copyright-law/, last visited 07/07/2023
Poritz, Isaiah, Generative AI Debate Braces for Post-Warhol Fair Use Impact, Bloomberg Law, (May 30, 2023), at https://news.bloomberglaw.com/ip-law/generative-ai-debate-braces-for-post-warhol-fair-use-impact-1, last visited 07/07/2023
Pressman, Aaron, Why the Supreme Court’s Ruling for Google over Oracle Is a Win for Innovation, Fortune, (Apr. 5, 2021), at https://fortune.com/2021/04/05/google-oracle-supreme-court-ruling-copyright-win-for-innovation/, last visited 07/07/2023
Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), Gyles v. Wilcox (Atkyn's Reports), London (1741), at https://www.copyrighthistory.org/cam/tools/request/showRecord.php?id=record_uk_1741, last visited 07/07/2023
PRYOR CASHMAN LLP, Circuit to Warhol Estate: Google v. Oracle Does Not Dictate A Different Result, (Aug. 26, 2021), at https://www.pryorcashman.com/publications/circuit-to-warhol-estate-google-v-oracle-does-not-dictate-a-different-result, last visited 07/07/2023
Schaefer, Collin, Welcome to the Multiverse: Derivative Works, LexBlog (August 31, 2021), at https://www.lexblog.com/2021/08/31/welcome-to-the-multiverse-derivative-works/, last visited 07/07/2023
SCHEID, MARIA, Popular Adaptations of Public Domain Works, The Ohio State University - University Libraries, (January 1, 2023), at https://library.osu.edu/site/copyright/tag/derivative-works/, last visited 07/07/2023
Shaw, Gwyneth K., With Google v. Oracle Decided, Experts Assess Its Impact on Software and Beyond, UC Regents, UC Berkeley School of Law, ( April 23, 2021), at https://www.law.berkeley.edu/article/google-v-oracle-software-supreme-court-analysis/, last visited 07/07/2023
Sheng, Ellen, In generative AI legal Wild West, the courtroom battles are just getting started, CNBC, (April 3 2023), at https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/03/in-generative-ai-legal-wild-west-lawsuits-are-just-getting-started.html, last visited 07/07/2023
Smith, Dylan, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman Says Creators ‘Need to Benefit’ from AI — But His Company Is ‘Still Talking to Artists and Content Owners About What They Want’, Digital Music News, (May 17, 2023), at https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2023/05/17/openai-ceo-creators-comments/, last visited 07/07/2023
Smith, Dylan, Music Industry Applauds Supreme Court Ruling in Prince Artwork Case — Emphasizing the Potential Implications for AI, Digital Music News, (May 18, 2023), at https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2023/05/18/music-industry-prince-artwork-supreme-court-opinion/, last visited 07/07/2023
Soocher, Stan, 25 Years After: Campbell v. Acuff-Rose and the State of Copyright Fair-Use Controversies, Law Journal News Letters, (March 2019), at https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/2019/03/01/25-years-after-campbell-v-acuff-rose-and-the-state-of-copyright-fair-use-controversies/?slreturn=20230501035009, last visited 07/07/2023
Sotheby’s, Andy Warhol Sixteen Jackies, at https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/the-macklowe-collection/sixteen-jackies, last visited 07/07/2023
Sung, Morgan, Lensa, the AI portrait app, has soared in popularity. But many artists question the ethics of AI art, NBC News, (Dec. 7, 2022), at https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/lensa-ai-artist-controversy-ethics-privacy-rcna60242, last visited 07/07/2023
The History of Copyright: A Critical Overview With Source Texts in Five Languages, The Statute of Anne, 1710 (1/6), at https://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html, last visited 07/07/2023
Travis, Hannibal, Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith: Supreme Court rules for income streams over artistic freedom, The Conversation, (May 22, 2023), at https://theconversation.com/warhol-foundation-v-goldsmith-supreme-court-rules-for-income-streams-over-artistic-freedom-205986, last visited 07/07/2023
University of Michigan Library, Substantial Similarity, at https://guides.lib.umich.edu/substantial-similarity/glossary, last visited 07/07/2023
Hannu Valtonen, Oracle v. Google: What the verdict means for open source, InfoWorld, (Sep. 21, 2021), at https://www.infoworld.com/article/3633668/oracle-v-google-what-the-verdict-means-for-open-source.html, last visited 07/07/2023
Vaughan-Nichols, Steven, Google beats Oracle in biggest programming copyright Supreme Court case ever, ZDNET, (April 5, 2021), at https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-beats-oracle-in-biggest-programming-copyright-supreme-court-case-ever/, last visited 07/07/2023
Vincent, James, AI art tools Stable Diffusion and Midjourney targeted with copyright lawsuit, The Verge, (Jan 16, 2023), at https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/16/23557098/generative-ai-art-copyright-legal-lawsuit-stable-diffusion-midjourney-deviantart, last visited 07/07/2023
Vogts, Brandon, Supreme Court Hands Down a Win for Photographers in Warhol V. Goldsmith, Architectural Photography Almanac, (June 5, 2023), at https://apalmanac.com/business/scotus-win-for-photographers-181294, last visited 07/07/2023
WAGENMAKER & OBERLY, LLC, A Nonprofit’s Guide to Copyright Law for Derivative Works (April 27, 2015), at https://www.wagenmakerlaw.com/blog/a-nonprofits-guide-to-copyright-law-for-derivative-works, last visited 07/07/2023
Waters, John K., Clash of the Titans: The Consequences of Google v. Oracle, ADTmag, (April 15, 2021), at https://adtmag.com/blogs/watersworks/2021/04/consequences-of-oracle-v-google.aspx?m=1, last visited 07/07/2023
Westermeier, J. (Jay) T., Understanding the Importance of Derivative Works, It’s Critically Important for Traditional and e-Commerce Businesses, e-Commerce Law & Strategy (March 2009), at https://www.finnegan.com/en/insights/articles/understanding-the-importance-of-derivative-works.html, last visited 07/07/2023
Werbin, Barry, Transformation’ of Fair Use Back to Its Section 107 Roots, New York Law Journal, (January 20, 2015), at https://www.herrick.com/publications/transformation-of-fair-use-back-to-its-section-107-roots/, last visited 07/07/2023

（五）其他資料
Case 3:23-cv-00201 Document 1 Filed 01/13/23, at https://stablediffusionlitigation.com/pdf/00201/1-1-stable-diffusion-complaint.pdf, last visited 07/07/2023
Case 3:23-cv-00201-WHO Document 49 Filed 04/18/23, at https://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com/gfx/legaldocs/byprlxgkmpe/AI%20COPYRIGHT%20LAWSUIT%20deviantartmtd.pdf, last visited 07/07/2023
Case 3:23-cv-03416 Document 1 Filed 07/07/23, at https://llmlitigation.com/pdf/03416/silverman-openai-complaint.pdf, last visited 07/07/2023
Case 3:23-cv-03417 Document 1 Filed 07/07/23 Page 1 of 15, at https://llmlitigation.com/pdf/03417/kadrey-meta-complaint.pdf, last visited 07/07/2023
COPYRIGHT LAW REVISION PART 6: SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS ON THE GENERAL REVISION OF THE U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW: I 965 REVISION BILL, at 17 (May 1965).
Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, 88 Fed. Reg. 16,190 (Mar. 16, 2023), at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/03/16/2023-05321/copyright-registration-guidance-works-containing-material-generated-by-artificial-intelligence, last visited 07/07/2023
Copyright Office, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, at https://www.copyright.gov/ai/, last visited 07/07/2023
Comment of OpenAI, LP, Addressing Question 3, Before the United States Patent and Trademark Office Department of Commerce, Comment Regarding Request for Comments on Intellectual Property Protection for Artificial Intelligence Innovation, USPTO, Docket No. PTO–C–2019–0038, at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/OpenAI_RFC-84-FR-58141.pdf, last visited 07/07/2023
DOE 1 et al v. GitHub, Inc. et al, Justia, November 3, 2022, at https://dockets.justia.com/docket/california/candce/4:2022cv06823/403220, last visited 07/07/2023
Hickey, Kevin J., Google v. Oracle: Supreme Court Rules for Google in Landmark Software Copyright Case, Congressional Research Service (CRS), 3 (May 10, 2021), at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10597, last visited 07/07/2023
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 62, reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5675.
Schweitzer, Dan, Supreme Court Report: Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, 21-869, National Association of Attorneys General, (April 11, 2022), at https://www.naag.org/attorney-general-journal/supreme-court-report-andy-warhol-foundation-for-the-visual-arts-inc-v-goldsmith-21-869/, last visited 07/07/2023
The Warhol Foundation’s Petition for Supreme Court Review, Petition for a Writ of Certiorari, Case No. 21-869 (Dec. 9, 2021), i., at http://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/21/21-869/204630/20211209140512568_2021-12-09%20Andy%20Warhol%20Foundation%20Cert%20Petition%20with%20appendix.pdf, last visited 07/07/2023
United States Courts for the Ninth Circuit, 17.17 Copying—Access and Substantial Similarity, at https://www.ce9.uscourts.gov/jury-instructions/node/274, last visited 07/07/2023
U.S. Copyright Office, A Brief History of Copyright in the United States, at https://www.copyright.gov/timeline/, last visited 07/07/2023
U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright Act of 1790, at https://copyright.gov/about/1790-copyright-act.html, last visited 07/07/2023
U.S. Copyright Office, The 18th Century, at https://www.copyright.gov/timeline/timeline_18th_century.html, last visited 07/07/2023
U.S. Copyright Office, The 19th Century, at https://www.copyright.gov/timeline/timeline_19th_century.html, last visited 07/07/2023
U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright in Derivative Works and Compilations, 2, at https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ14.pdf, last visited 07/07/2023
U.S. Copyright Office, Notices of Termination, at https://www.copyright.gov/recordation/termination.html, last visited 07/07/2023
U.S. Copyright Office, U.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Index, at https://www.copyright.gov/fair-use/, last visited 07/07/2023
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, memorandum of USPTO Position on Fair Use of Copies of NPL Made in Patent Examination, (January 19, 2012), at https://cmsimpact.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/USPTO-fair-use.pdf, last visited 07/07/2023