對發展空軍基地飛行員及戰機修護人員專業英語課程之個案研究

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研究生：	馮聲福 Sheng-fu Feng
論文名稱：	對發展空軍基地飛行員及戰機修護人員專業英語課程之個案研究 A Case Study of Developing English for Specific Purposes Courses for the Pilots and Jet-Fighter Maintenance Technicians at the Air Force Base
指導教授：	陳聖傑 Sheng-jie Chen
口試委員:	田曉萍 Shiau-ping Tian 賀一平 I-ping Ho
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 應用外語系 Department of Applied Foreign Languages
論文出版年：	2010
畢業學年度：	98
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	175
中文關鍵詞：	專業英語、飛行員、戰機維修人員、方法分析
外文關鍵詞：	ESP, pilots, jet-fighter maintenance technicians, means analysis
相關次數：	點閱：345 下載：2
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上一筆

本研究之目的旨在探討某空軍基地飛行員及戰機維修人員對專業英語課程之需求。英語己為科技領域之通用語。因而，英語亦為空軍基地可接受之通用語。對於戰鬥機飛行員、戰機修護人員及軍士官而言在其個人專業領域或其它環境中運用英語能力並以口語或文字等形式來達成與工作相關之各項任務是極為重要的。本研究透過與空軍的英文教師、飛行員及戰機維修人員的深度訪談及問卷調查發現英語能力對飛行及戰機維修等專業領域之重要性己殆無疑義。因為經由專業英文的學習，飛行員及戰機修護人員可以習得相關的知識及技能並將之運用於其專業領域或其它任務中。據此，依需求分析之結果，對飛行員及軍官而言，其主要需求在於希冀從專業英語課程中習得聽力上的技巧，然而對戰機修護人員及士官而言，其主要需求在於從專業英語課程中習得閱讀的技巧。此外，根據需求分析，其它的專業英文課程，例如演講、談判與溝通、科技英文及口筆譯等亦有必要列入現行的英語訓練課程之中以協助飛行員及戰機修護人員完成各種任務。另外，本研究亦發現飛行員的英語程度要優於戰機修護人員，而軍官的英語程度亦較士官為佳。而在自評英語能力上，飛行員、戰機修護人員及軍官均自評其閱讀能力較佳，而士官自評其聽力較佳，寫作能力則普遍為弱。在面對極需攺進的語言能力上，飛行員及軍官遠較戰機修護人員及士官更有迫切感。而在聽、說、讀、寫四種能力中，飛行員自認最需攺進聽力能力，而戰機修護人員、軍官及士官自認最需攺進閱讀的能力。除了需求分析外，利用基本的方法分析(Means analysis)亦發現尚有其它的負面因素會影響專業英語在職場中的實施。最後，本項研究針對所探討之問題及其結果提出整合性之建議以期未來的專業英語課程能符合飛行員及戰機修護人員工作上之實際需求。

The main purpose of this study aims at exploring the English language needs of the pilots and jet-fighter maintenance technicians at H Air Force Base. English is the lingua franca of science and technology; therefore, English is also the accepted lingua franca of H Air Force Base. It is essential for pilots, technicians, commissioned officers, and non-commissioned officers to apply English skills in the form of verbal or written discourses in their domain fields or other settings in order to complete the tasks regarding their jobs.
Through in-depth interviews with English teachers, pilots, and technicians and a questionnaire survey, this study found that English abilities are vital to the flight and jet-fighter maintenance fields. Through learning English, the pilots and technicians can acquire the knowledge and skills applicable to their domains and other tasks. Hence, based on the results of the needs analysis, the targeted needs of the pilots and the commissioned officers are acquiring listening skills from the ESP courses. For the technicians and the non-commissioned officers, the targeted needs focus on acquiring reading skills. Besides, other ESP courses, such as Speech, Communication, and Negotiation, Scientific English, Consecutive Interpreting (change the related content accordingly), and Translation are needed to supplement the current English courses to help these participants successfully compete their jobs. In regards to their current language proficiency levels, the study found that most of the participants’ English ability was poor or fair and that the pilots and the commissioned officers’ English proficiency was better than that of the technicians and the non-commissioned officers. The pilots, technicians, and commissioned officers rated their reading skills as the best, and the non-commissioned officers rated their listening skills as the best. However, writing skills were the weakest for all of the participants. Interestingly, the study indicated that the pilots and the commissioned officers needed more improvement than the technicians and the non-commissioned officers. Of these four skills, the pilots’ speaking skills needed much improvement. However, technicians, commissioned officers, and non-commissioned officers needed to improve their reading skills.
Furthermore, the means analysis revealed some negative variables which will impede the ESP implementation at work settings.
Finally, based on the research questions and findings, this study presents some integral suggestions for future ESP courses to help meet the job requirements of the pilots and technicians.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT (Chinese) ................................................................... I
ABSTRACT (English) ................................................................. III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................. V
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................... VI
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................... IX
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................... XI
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................ XII
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1
1.1 Background and Motivation ................................................................ 1
1.2 The Purpose of the Study ..................................................................... 5
1.3 Significance of the Study ..................................................................... 6
1.4 Research Questions ................................................................. 7
1.5 Definitions of the Terms .................................................................... 10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................... 12
2.1 English for Specific Purposes (ESP) .................................................................... 12
2.1.1 The Emergence of ESP ...................................................................... 12
2.1.2 The Definition of ESP ...................................................................... 13
2.1.3 Classification of ESP ...................................................................... 16
2.2 Needs Analysis ................................................................. 19
2.3 The Definition of Need in ESP ...................................................................... 20
2.3.1 Target Situation Analysis and Present Situation Analysis in ESP .... 22
2.4 Means Analysis ................................................................. 26
2.5 The Role of English at H Air Force Base ..................................................................... 28
2.6 Inefficiency Creates Crisis .................................................................... 28
VII
2.6.1 Inefficient Communication Causing Aviation Safety Risks ..................................................................... 29
2.6.2 Hindering the Professional Development of Pilots and Maintenance Personnel ................................................................. 30
2.7 Goals, Features of ESP Curriculum Development between Applied Foreign/English Language Departments and the English Training Department at Air Force Bases ........................................................... 31
2.8 ESP-Curriculum Development in the English Training Department.... ..... 34
2.9 Summary ................................................................... 36
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................ 39
3.1 H Air Force Base ...................................................................... 39
3.2 M-type Fighters .................................................................. 40
3.3 The Description of Target Situation ................................................................. 40
3.4 The Research Design .................................................................... 43
3.5 Data Collection Procedures ................................................................ 43
3.6 Qualitative Interviewing .............................................................. 47
3.6.1 Interviewees .............................................................. 47
3.6.2 Interview Questions ................................................................. 49
3.6.3 Interview Analysis .................................................................. 50
3.7 Questionnaire Survey .................................................................... 51
3.7.1 Participants .............................................................. 51
3.7.2 Instrument ................................................................ 56
3.7.3 Pilot Study ..................................................................... 60
3.7.4 Data Collection ................................................................ 62
3.7.5 Data Analysis .................................................................. 62
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ................................................................... 63
4.1 The Findings of the Interviews ................................................................ 63
4.1.1 Participants’ Target Needs ..................................................................... 63
4.1.2 The Pilots’ and Technicians’ Strengths and Weaknesses of English Proficiency ............................................................... 65
4.1.3 The Variables That Will Affect the Implementation of the ESP Course and the Learning Outcome.................................................................... 67

4.1.4 Suggestions for an ESP Curriculum Design at H Air Force Base ........ 68
4.1.5 The Current Curriculum Design of the English-training Department for Pilots and Technicians ............................................................... 70
4.2 The Results of Questionnaire Survey .................................................................... 71
4.2.1 The Target Needs of the Pilots and Technicians ............................................................... 71
4.2.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Pilots’ and Technicians’ Current Language Proficiency ............................................................... 79
4.2.3 The Differences of Language Skills between Flight and Maintenance Units ..................................................................... 88
4.2.4 The Descriptions of Variables Concerning ESP Development ............ 89
4.2.5 The Descriptions of Current Workplace English and the Participants’ Jobs ...................................................................... 90
4.2.6 The Recommendations of the Participants for ESP Curriculum Development at H Air Force Base ...................................................................... 92
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................. 98
5.1 Discussion ................................................................ 98
5.1.1 Pilots’ and Technicians’ Target Needs...................................................................... 98
5.1.2 Descriptions of Variables Which Will Affect the Implementation and Development of ESP ...................................................................... 101
5.1.3 Gaps between the Participants’ Job Needs and ESP-curriculum Design ................................................................... 102
5.1.4 Gaps of English Proficiency between the Pilots and Jet-fighter Maintenance Technicians and between the Commissioned Officers and Non-commissioned Officers ................................................................. 103
5.2 Conclusions................................................................ 104
5.2.1 Summary of the Main Findings ................................................................. 104
5.2.2 Suggestions .............................................................. 106
5.3 The Limitations of the Study .................................................................... 109
5.4 Suggestions for Future Studies .................................................................. 110
REFERENCES ............................................................... 111
APPENDICES ............................................................... 120

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Background of Interviewed English Teachers ................................................................. 48
Table 3.2 Background of Interviewed Pilots and Jet-fighters Maintance Technicians .............................................................. 48
Table 3.3 Contents of Interview Questions ................................................................ 49
Table 3.4 Number of Samples in Tactical Fighter Groups and Maintenance Group .................................................................... 53
Table 3.5 Response Rate for Four Units .................................................................... 54
Table 3.6 Aticipants’ Information .............................................................. 54
Table 3.7 Number of Participants in Unit 1and Unit 2-4 ........................... 55
Table 3.8 Number of Participants with FMS or CS Professional Training Experience ............................................................... 56
Table 3.9 Reliability Coefficient of the Questionnaire for Pilot Study ... 61
Table 4.1 Perceived Importance of English Skills at the Pilots’ Workplace ................................................................ 72
Table 4.2 Perceived Importance of English Skills at the Jet-Fighter Maintenance Workplace ................................................................ 74
Table 4.3 The Difference between Male’s and Female’s Target Needs ...... 75
Table 4.4 Differences between the Pilots and Jet-Fighter Maintenance Technicians’ Target Needs .................................................................... 76
Table 4.5 Differences between the Commissioned Officers’ and the Non-commissioned Officers’ Target Needs ..................................... 77
Table 4.6 Strengths and Weaknesses of Participants’ Language Abilities. . 80
Table 4.7 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Pilots’ Language Abilities .... 81
Table 4.8 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Technicians’ Language Abilities ................................................................ 82
Table 4.9 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Commissioned Officers’ Language Abilities ................................................................ 83
X
Table 4.10 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Non-commissioned Officers’ Language Abilities ................................................................ 84
Table 4.11 Discrepancy of the Pilots’ and the Jet-Fighter Maintenance Technicians’ Language Skills in Self-evaluation ......................... 85
Table 4.12 Discrepancy of the Commissioned Officers’ and the Non-commissioned Officers’ Language Skills in Self-evaluation ............................................................... 86
Table 4.13 Discrepancy of Language Urgent Needs Between the Pilots and the Jet- Fighter Maintenance Technicians ......................................... 87
Table 4.14 Discrepancy of Language Urgent Needs Between the Commissioned Officers and the Non-commissioned Officers ............................... 88
Table 4.15 Mean and Standard Deviation of Language Skills in Self-evaluation of Four Units ............................................................ 89
Table 4.16 ESP Courses Taken by Participants ............................................................. 91
Table 4.17 Number of the Participants Answering the Open-Ended Questions 1 to 5 ........................................................................ 93
Table 4.18 Participants’ Views on the English Courses Offered in ETD... . 94

LIST OF FIGURES
Figures 3.1 Research Procedures ............................................................... 46

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 List of Participants for the Interview ............................................................... 120
Appendix 2 Interview Questions for English Teachers, Pilots,and Maintenance Technicians ............................................................. 121
Appendix 3 Transcripts of Interviews of the English Teachers ............ 125
Appendix 4 Questionaires............................................................ 157
Appendix 5 Pilots’ and Jet-Fighter Maintenance Technicians’ Target Needs ................................................................... 165
Appendix 6 Other ESP Courses Wants ................................................................... 167
Appendix 7 Learners’ Urgent needs for Language Improvement ............. 168
Appendix 8 Variables that will affect the implementation of ESP courses and the learning outcomes ................................................... 170
Appendix 9 Frequency of ESP Courses Taken by Participants ............... 172
Appendix 10 Participants’ Job Category ................................................................ 174

                                

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