本文目的在於探討化石柴油分別混合綠色柴油與單酸甘油酯生質柴油對於引擎零組件磨潤性能的影響。利用Cameron-Plint TE-77往復式磨耗試驗機在不同溫度條件下進行滑動磨耗試驗，分別根據摩擦係數、磨耗型態、磨痕深度進行測試油品的磨潤性能評估。此外，利用SEM、EDS等儀器進行磨耗表面形貌觀察與表面膜成份分析。除了磨耗試驗外，也同時進行靜態腐蝕實驗，藉以瞭解生質柴油在不同溫度情況下對引擎零組件的腐蝕行為。
試驗結果顯示，綠色柴油在不同試驗溫度的條件下，添加10%時有最佳的磨潤性能，當綠色柴油含量20%以上時，摩擦係數有明顯的下降。但是，高濃度綠色柴油在摩擦表面產生磨潤化學反應使其磨耗量高於適當濃度之混合油品。
在10°C試驗條件下，含單酸甘油酯生質柴油的混合油品其抗磨耗能力主要由酯類的物理吸附膜與局部液動壓效應的強弱所主導；而在80°C試驗條件下，由於摩擦表面化學反應速率較快，因此可在摩擦表面形成較佳的化學反應膜保護表面。但單酸甘油酯濃度較高之油品，其腐蝕行為也相對得較為劇烈。

This paper aims to investigate the effects of biodiesel (Monoglyceride,MG) and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) blended with fossil diesel on the tribological performance of engine components. Sliding wear test are performed under different test temperature by Cameron-Plint TE77 reciprocating test rig. According to friction coefficient, wear mechanism and wear depth of specimen evaluate the tribological performance of the different tests results. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were separately used to observe the morphology of wear specimens and identify the composition of surface. In addition to the wear test, static corrosion experiments were carried out at the same time to understand the corrosion behavior of the engine components at different temperatures.
The tests results demonstrate that the tribological behavior of the blend fuel content with 10% green diesel was superior to that of the other testing blended fuels. When the content of green diesel is more than 20%, the friction coefficient of the specimen declined obviously. Test in the green diesel, a tribochemical reaction takes place on the rubbing surface.
The anti-wear ability is mainly by physical adsorption capacity and locallyhydrodynamic effects at 10°C; while at 80°C, due to the rapid chemical reaction rate on the rubbing surface, it is possible to form a better chemical reaction film on the rubbing surface to prevent the direct contact of rough surface during wear test. As the higher concentration of monoglyceride oil, the corrosion behavior is relatively intense.

【1】 BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2009.
【2】 BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2012.
【3】 王俊凱,李堅明, “台灣永續能源指標”, 2005.
【4】 台灣經濟部能源局, “能源統計手冊”, 2015.
【5】 http://www.cpc.com.tw/big5/FactsTruth/index01.asp?sno=3646&pno=438
【6】 http://www.biodiesel-tw.org/GCB_01/GCB09.htm
【7】 Murugesan, A., et al. "Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines—a review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13.3 (2009): 653-662.
【8】 Balat, Mustafa, and Havva Balat. "A critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel." Energy conversion and management 49.10 (2008): 2727-2741.
【9】 古森本, “生質能源作物之開發與潛力”, 2011.
【10】 Rashedul, H. K., et al. "The effect of additives on properties, performance and emission of biodiesel fuelled compression ignition engine." Energy Conversion and Management 88 (2014): 348-364.
【11】 Sharp, Christopher A., Steve A. Howell, and Joe Jobe. The effect of biodiesel fuels on transient emissions from modern diesel engines, part I regulated emissions and performance. No. 2000-01-1967. SAE Technical Paper, 2000.
【12】 Camobreco, Vincent, et al. Understanding the life-cycle costs and environmental profile of biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel. No. 2000-01-1487. SAE Technical Paper, 2000.
【13】 Rakopoulos, C. D., et al. "Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins." Energy conversion and management 47.18 (2006): 3272-3287.
【14】 Sorate, Kamalesh A., and Purnanand V. Bhale. "Biodiesel properties and automotive system compatibility issues." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 (2015): 777-798.
【15】 Lapuerta, Magin, Octavio Armas, and Jose Rodriguez-Fernandez. "Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions." Progress in energy and combustion science 34.2 (2008): 198-223.
【16】 Demirbas, Ayhan. "Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels." Energy conversion and management 50.1 (2009): 14-34.
【17】 Goodrum, John W., and Daniel P. Geller. "Influence of fatty acid methyl esters from hydroxylated vegetable oils on diesel fuel lubricity." Bioresource Technology 96.7 (2005): 851-855.
【18】 Hu, Jianbo, et al. "Study on the lubrication properties of biodiesel as fuel lubricity enhancers." Fuel 84.12 (2005): 1601-1606.
【19】 Pehan, Stanislav, et al. "Biodiesel influence on tribology characteristics of a diesel engine." Fuel 88.6 (2009): 970-979.
【20】 Yüksek, Levent, et al. "The effect and comparison of biodiesel-diesel fuel on crankcase oil, diesel engine performance and emissions." FME Transactions 37.2 (2009): 91-97.
【21】 Agarwal, A. K. "Experimental investigations of the effect of biodiesel utilization on lubricating oil tribology in diesel engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219.5 (2005): 703-713.
【22】 Awad, Sary, Khaled Loubar, and Mohand Tazerout. "Experimental investigation on the combustion, performance and pollutant emissions of biodiesel from animal fat residues on a direct injection diesel engine." Energy 69 (2014): 826-836.
【23】 Knothe, Gerhard. "Biodiesel and renewable diesel: a comparison." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 36.3 (2010): 364-373.
【24】 Serrano-Ruiz, Juan Carlos, Enrique V. Ramos-Fernández, and Antonio Sepúlveda-Escribano. "From biodiesel and bioethanol to liquid hydrocarbon fuels: new hydrotreating and advanced microbial technologies." Energy & Environmental Science 5.2 (2012): 5638-5652.
【25】 Aatola, Hannu, et al. "Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) as a renewable diesel fuel: trade-off between NOx, particulate emission, and fuel consumption of a heavy duty engine." SAE International Journal of Engines 1.2008-01-2500 (2008): 1251-1262.
【26】 李興旺. "石化柴油及添加生質柴油引擎排放多環芳香烴之特徵." 成功大學環境工程學系學位論文 (2004): 1-115.
【27】 Quick, G. R., P. J. Woodmore, and B. T. Wilson. "Engine evaluations of linseed oil and derivatives." This paper was presented at the Second National Conference on Fuels from Crops, Melbourne, August (1983).
【28】 Kalligeros, S., et al. "An investigation of using biodiesel/marine diesel blends on the performance of a stationary diesel engine." Biomass and Bioenergy 24.2 (2003): 141-149.
【29】 Haseeb, A. S. M. A., et al. "Effect of temperature on tribological properties of palm biodiesel." Energy 35.3 (2010): 1460-1464.
【30】 Masjuki, H. H., and M. A. Maleque. "The effect of palm oil diesel fuel contaminated lubricant on sliding wear of cast irons against mild steel." Wear 198.1 (1996): 293-299.
【31】 Danping, Wei, and H. A. Spikes. "The lubricity of diesel fuels." Wear 111.2 (1986): 217-235.
【32】 Bowden, F. P., and D. Tabor. "The Friction and Lubrication of Solids II." Clarendon Press, Oxford 19 (1964): 64.
【33】 Jin, Dingfeng, et al. "Corrosion behavior of ASTM 1045 mild steel in palm biodiesel." Renewable Energy 81 (2015): 457-463.
【34】 Kovács, A., et al. "Aspects of storage and corrosion characteristics of biodiesel." Fuel Processing Technology 134 (2015): 59-64.
【35】 Hu, Enzhu, et al. "Corrosion behaviors of metals in biodiesel from rapeseed oil and methanol." Renewable energy 37.1 (2012): 371-378.
【36】 Fazal, M. A., A. S. M. A. Haseeb, and H. H. Masjuki. "Effect of different corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion of cast iron in palm biodiesel." Fuel Processing Technology 92.11 (2011): 2154-2159.
【37】 Lin, Yung-Sung, and Hai-Ping Lin. "Spray characteristics of emulsified castor biodiesel on engine emissions and deposit formation." Renewable Energy 36.12 (2011): 3507-3516.
【38】 李唐. "生質潤滑油成果發表暨綠色能源科技研討會手冊." 臺北科技大學，台北 (2007).
【39】 Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Jayashree Bijwe, and L. M. Das. "Effect of biodiesel utilization of wear of vital parts in compression ignition engine." TRANSACTIONS-AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS JOURNA L OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER 125.2 (2003): 604-611.
【40】 Bexell, Ulf, et al. "A tribological study of a novel pre-treatment with linseed oil bonded to mercaptosilane treated aluminium." Surface and Coatings Technology 166.2 (2003): 141-152.
【41】 Bexell, Ulf, et al. "Bonding of vegetable oils to mercapto silane treated metal surfaces: Surface engineering on the nano scale." Thin Solid Films 515.2 (2006): 838-841.
【42】 Schumacher, L. G., et al. "Heavy-duty engine exhaust emission tests using methyl ester soybean oil/diesel fuel blends." Bioresource Technology 57.1 (1996): 31-36.
【43】 Sem, Thomas R. Investigation of injector tip deposits on transport refrigeration units running on biodiesel fuel. No. 2004-01-0091. SAE Technical Paper, 2004.
【44】 Castro, Waleska, et al. "The effect of chemical structure of basefluids on antiwear effectiveness of additives." Tribology International 38.3 (2005): 321-326.
【45】 Candeia, R. A., et al. "Influence of soybean biodiesel content on basic properties of biodiesel–diesel blends." Fuel 88.4 (2009): 738-743.
【46】 de Almeida, Flávia Aparecida, et al. "Wear and friction behaviour of Si3N4 ceramics under diesel and biodiesel lubrication." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2.2 (2013): 110-116.
【47】 Minami, Ichiro, et al. "Investigation of wear mechanism by organic sulphides in vegetable oils." Lubrication Science 19.2 (2007): 113-126.
【48】 Sulek, M. W., A. Kulczycki, and A. Malysa. "Assessment of lubricity of compositions of fuel oil with biocomponents derived from rape-seed." Wear 268.1 (2010): 104-108.
【49】 Panwar, N. L., et al. "Performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl ester of castor seed oil." Applied Thermal Engineering 30.2 (2010): 245-249.
【50】 Wander, P. R., et al. "Durability studies of mono-cylinder compression ignition engines operating with diesel, soy and castor oil methyl esters." Energy 36.6 (2011): 3917-3923.
【51】 Kaul, Savita, et al. "Corrosion behavior of biodiesel from seed oils of Indian origin on diesel engine parts." Fuel processing technology 88.3 (2007): 303-307.
【52】 Bezergianni, Stella, Spyros Voutetakis, and Aggeliki Kalogianni. "Catalytic hydrocracking of fresh and used cooking oil." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48.18 (2009): 8402-8406.
【53】 Xu, Yufu, et al. "Characterization of the lubricity of bio-oil/diesel fuel blends by high frequency reciprocating test rig." Energy 35.1 (2010): 283-287.
【54】 趙檀, 張全國, and 孫生波. "生物柴油的最新研究进展." 化工技術與開發 40.4 (2011): 22-26.
【55】 Syahrullail, S., S. Kamitani, and A. Shakirin. "Performance of Vegetable Oil as Lubricant in Extreme Pressure Condition." Procedia Engineering 68 (2013): 172-177.
【56】 Xu, Yufu, et al. "Friction and wear behaviors of catalytic methylesterified bio-oil." Tribology International 71 (2014): 168-174.
【57】 Peng, De-Xing. "Tribological Performance of Various Types of Biodiesel." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 56.12 (2015): 1953-1959.
【58】 柯賢文. "腐蝕及其防制. " 全華科技圖書股份有限公司, 2006.
【59】 左克東, 許世希, and 藍亨吉. "腐蝕防制學." 百成書店印行, (1977).
【60】 Mars, Fontana. "Corrosion engineering." McGraw Hill Book Company (1986).
【61】 Roberge, Pierre R. Corrosion Engineering. New York, NY, USA:: McGraw-Hill, 2008.
【62】 Mars, Fontana. "Corrosion engineering third ed." McGraw Hill Book Company (1987).
【63】 D. Dowson and G. Higginson, Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication,(1977), Pergamon Press, Oxford), ISBN 0, vol. 8, p. 2, 2002.
【64】 李克讓. "磨潤工程-潤滑概論. " 三民書局, 1986.
【65】 林榮盛. "潤滑學. " 全華科技圖書股份有限公司, 1987.
【66】 Czichos, Horst, and W. O. Winer. "Tribology: A Systems Approach to the Science and Technology of Friction, Lubrication and Wear (Tribology Series, 1)." (1978)
【67】 林原慶. "ZDDP 添加劑在邊界潤滑狀態下的抗磨耗研究." 國立台灣大學，(1993).
【68】 Suh, Nam P., and H-C. Sin. "The genesis of friction." Wear 69.1 (1981): 91-114.
【69】 DIN50320:Verschleiβ-Begriffe, "Analyse Von Verschleiβ-vorgangen," Gliederung des Verschleiβgebietes, 1979.
【70】 Rabinowicz, Ernest. "An adhesive wear model based on variations in strength values." Wear 63.1 (1980): 175-181.
【71】 Suh, Nam P. "The delamination theory of wear." Wear 25.1 (1973): 111-124.
【72】 K.Thomas and R.Tom,"Rough surface,",Imperial College Press, 1999.
【73】 Hertz, H. "Über die berührung fester elastische Körper und über die Harte." Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Beförderung des Gewerbefleisses (1882).
【74】 Hamrock, Bernard J., and Duncan Dowson. "Ball bearing lubrication: the elastohydrodynamics of elliptical contacts." (1981).
【75】 Hertz, Heinrich. Miscellaneous papers. Macmillan, 1896.
【76】 J.Williams, "Engineering tribology: Cambridge University Press," 1994.
【77】 K.Bomben, J.Moulder, P.E.Sobol and W.Stickle, "Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy," A Reference Book of Standard.
【78】 陳雅倫等人，"柴油共軌噴油系統快速劣化試驗評估研究"，中華民國第十九屆車輛工程學術研討會論文集 #C-02，台灣中壢，(2014).
【79】 Kokjohn, Sage L., Mark PB Musculus, and Rolf D. Reitz. "Evaluating temperature and fuel stratification for heat-release rate control in a reactivity-controlled compression-ignition engine using optical diagnostics and chemical kinetics modeling." Combustion and Flame 162.6 (2015): 2729-2742.
【80】 陳竑孝. "蒸餾製程對廢食用生質柴油磨潤性能的影響." 國立台灣科技大學，(2016).
【81】 Li, P., et al. "Electrochemical impedance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of the inhibition of mild steel corrosion in acids by cyclohexylamine." Electrochimica Acta 42.4 (1997): 605-615.