發展用於實際樣品化學分析的表面增強拉曼光譜分析法

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研究生：	Wodaje Addis Tegegne Wodaje Addis Tegegne
論文名稱：	發展用於實際樣品化學分析的表面增強拉曼光譜分析法 Development of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analytical Methods for the Chemical Analysis of Real Samples
指導教授：	蘇威年 Wei-Nien Su 黃炳照 Bing-Joe Hwang
口試委員:	杜景順 Jing-Shan Do 周澤川 Chou Tse-Chuan 王迪彥 Di-Yan Wang 黃炳照 BING-JOE HWANG 蘇威年 WEI-NIEN SU 蔡孟哲 Meng-Che Tsai
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	應用科技學院 - 應用科技研究所 Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
論文出版年：	2021
畢業學年度：	109
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	170
中文關鍵詞：	表面增強拉曼光譜(SERS) 、銀奈米立方體、聚多巴胺、1T-MoS2奈米片、濾紙、羅丹明6G (R6G）、脫氧雪茄烯醇 (DON) 、腐絕 (thiabendazole) 、噻菌靈(thiram) 、腺嘌呤 (adenine) 、豬飼料、蘋果汁、尿液
外文關鍵詞：	Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), silver nanocubes, polydopamine, 1T-MoS2 nanosheet, filter paper, rhodamine 6G (R6G), deoxynivalenol, thiram, thiabendazole, adenine, pig feed, apple juice, urine
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表面增強拉曼光譜（SERS）是一種靈敏且快速的分析技術，用於分析物的分子指紋檢測。對於化學和生物樣品分析中廣泛需要的應用，SERS基材的選擇和製造是一個關鍵問題。本論文就濾紙上製備的新型SERS基材的製備，表徵及其應用，以三種方式進行探討。在第一種方法中，以多元醇方法合成銀奈米立方體（AgNCs），並對其進行了少量修飾，然後用聚多巴胺（PDA）在立方體結構表面進行超薄塗層。通過抽濾將所得的核殼AgNCs@PDA組裝在濾紙上，並用於分析豬飼料中的脫氧雪腐烯醇（DON）黴菌毒素。由於濾紙固有的纖維結構，改進了銀奈米立方體的組合，從而通過電漿耦合提高了SERS活性。有趣的是，超薄PDA塗層的AgNCs基材通過π-π堆積相互作用和氫鍵提高了DON的吸收。PDA塗層還提高了基材的穩定性，使其表現出較佳的SERS分析性能，分析增強因子（AEF）為1.82 × 107，偵測低限（LOD）可達飛摩爾範圍（0.82 fM)。用於DON分析的AgNCs @ PDA基材的檢測限比裸AgNCs還低1.8倍。而且，AgNCs@ PDA基材是穩定的，在儲存90天后仍可保持原始拉曼強度的88.24%。因此，所提出的方法顯示，SERS基材在分析其他黴菌毒素和食品安全性問題中所可扮演的重要功用。
第二種策略涉及用AgNCs修飾的二硫化鉬奈米片的製備，以檢測食物農藥殘留。在這裡，我們發展新穎的銀奈米立方體修飾1T相MoS2奈米片（1T-MoS2/AgNCs）的SERS活性感測器負載在濾紙上，用於無標籤和農藥殘留的超靈敏檢測。1T-MoS2可提高1T-MoS2奈米片的SERS活性。將AgNCs錨定在MoS2奈米片表面上。所得的混合(hybrid)材料實現了顯著的SERS活性，AEF為1.78 × 107，比2H-MoS2/AgNCs或裸AgNCs高一個數量級，並且對於羅丹明6G的LOD為1×10-12 M，腐絕 (thiabendazole)為 10 ppb，噻菌靈(thiram)為0.15 ppb。出色的SERS性能歸因於（i）目標分子與1T-MoS2奈米片之間的電荷轉移共振，以及（ii）AgNCs的“間隙”和“尖端”周圍的電磁增強的協同效應。此外，混合基材具有出色的SERS信號均勻性，點對點可重複性實驗的相對標準偏差(RSD)為9.46％的點對點可重複性，以及11.17％的基材可重複性。此外，1T-MoS2/AgNCs奈米混合材料基材穩定，可在保存兩個月後保持原始拉曼信號強度的72.59％，並且該基質還可用於檢測真實蘋果汁樣品中的多成分農藥。因此，我們的研究提出了一種快速，靈敏和低成本的SERS感測器，適用於食品安全，其他實際樣品分析和現場檢測技術。
第三種方法展示了柔性和疏水性AgNCs @ SiO2 / PMHS修飾的濾紙基材的製備，及其在尿液樣品中腺嘌呤(adenine)敏感分析的應用。近年來，基於紙的柔軟性與便利性，SERS基底在分析物的靈敏檢測中引起了極大的關注。然而，由於紙本身的親水特性，奈米顆粒不會很好地聚集在紙表面上。這降低了運用紙基基材時的再現性和靈敏度。在本文中這裡，我們演示了基於疏水性紙基的柔性基材，該基材使用負載銀奈米立方體在聚甲基氫矽氧烷改質紙（AgNCs @ SiO2/PMHS改性紙）來實現超高靈敏度和重現性。通過將濾紙浸塗到PMHS溶液中獲得疏水性濾紙，從而使接觸角增加到〜112.5°。 AgNCs@SiO2/改性紙基材顯示出6.55 × 106的高分析增強因子（AEF），是AgNCs@ SiO2 /普通紙基材的2.2倍強，偵測低限至0.1 nM R6G和0.89 nM腺嘌呤。由於其均勻性和比常規濾紙基材更優異的樣品採集能力，因疏水性表面產生的高密度熱點新高，使得SERS增強因子和靈敏度達到新高。此外，在基材對基材和點對點的再現實驗均顯示出優異的結果，相對標準偏差（RSD）分別為9.22％和6.05％。而且，AgNCs@SiO2/PMHS改性紙基材具有良好的穩定性，即使在暴露於空氣三個月後，拉曼信號強度僅下降了25.88％。
本論文中所探索的方法是為發展成一種無標記，低成本，可重現和靈敏的SERS分析檢測方法，透過π-π堆疊相互作用，氫鍵作用，SERS增強機制的協同作用來提高SERS靈敏度，以及通過改善濾紙的疏水性。實現可對實際樣品進行化學分析。

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a sensitive and rapid analytical technique for the molecular fingerprint detection of analytes. The choice and fabrication of SERS substrate is a critical issue for the wide spread point-of-need applications in the detection of chemical and biological molecules in the analysis of real samples. Three approaches about the fabrication and characterization of novel SERS substrates fabricated on flexible paper as well as their applications in real sample analysis are presented in this dissertation.
In the first approach, silver nanocubes (AgNCs) were synthesized based on a polyol method with minor modification followed by ultrathin coating with polydopamine (PDA). The resulting core-shell AgNCs@PDA were assembled on filter paper by suction filtration and applied for the analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin in pig feed. Due to the fibrous structure of the filter paper, the assemblages of the silver nanocubes were improved, rendering enhanced SERS activity through plasmon coupling. Interestingly, ultrathin PDA coated AgNCs substrate improves the absorption of DON via π–π stacking interactions and hydrogen bonding. PDA coating also improves the stability of the substrate. The substrate showed high analytical SERS performance with analytical enhancement factor (AEF) of 1.82×107 and a low limit of detection (LOD) down to femtomolar range (0.82 fM). The detection limit of AgNCs@PDA substrate for DON analysis is 1.8 fold lower than the bare AgNCs. Moreover, the AgNCs@PDA substrate is stable which maintains 88.24% of the original Raman intensity after storage for 90 days. Thus, the proposed method indicates the utility of the SERS substrate for point-of-need application in the analysis of other mycotoxin and food safety issues.
The second approach deals with the preparation of molybdenum disulphide nanosheets decorated with AgNCs for the detection of pesticide residues. Herein, we report novel 1T-phase MoS2 nanosheets decorated silver nanocubes (1T-MoS2/AgNCs) SERS-active sensor loaded on filter paper for label-free and ultrasensitive detection of pesticide residues. The resulting hybrid material achieves a significant SERS activity with AEF of 1.78 × 107 which is one order of magnitude higher than either of the 2H-MoS2/AgNCs counterparts or the bare AgNCs, and a very low LOD of 1×10−12 M for rhodamine 6G, 10 ppb for thiabendazole and 0.15 ppb for thiram. This extraordinary SERS performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effects of (i) charge transfer resonance between the target molecules and 1T-MoS2 nanosheets, and (ii) electromagnetic enhancement around the “gap” and “tip” of AgNCs. In addition, the substrate achieves excellent SERS signal uniformity with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 9.46% spot-to-spot reproducibility, and 11.17% substrate-to-substrate reproducibility. Furthermore, the 1T-MoS2/AgNCs nanocomposite substrate is stable which maintains 72.59% of the original Raman signal intensity after two months of storage, and the substrate is also employed for detection of multi-component pesticides in real apple juice samples.
The third approach demonstrates the fabrication of flexible and hydrophobic AgNCs@SiO2/PMHS decorated filter paper substrate and its application for the sensitive analysis of adenine in urine sample. However, due to its inherent hydrophilic surface, the nanoparticles will not be concentrated very well on the paper surface. This reduces the reproducibility and sensitivity of the paper based substrate. In this approach, a flexible hydrophobic filter paper based SERS substrate using silver nanocubes loaded on polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) modified filter paper (AgNCs@SiO2/PMHS modified paper) to realize ultrahigh sensitivity and reproducibility. The hydrophobic filter paper was obtained by dip-soaking the filter paper into PMHS solution, resulting in an increased contact angle to ~112.5°. The AgNCs@SiO2/modified paper substrate shows high analytical enhancement factor (AEF) of 6.55×106, which is 2.2-fold enhancement compared to AgNCs@SiO2/normal paper substrate, LOD down to 0.1 nM R6G and 0.89 nM adenine. The record SERS enhancement factor and sensitivity is attributed to the high hot spots density created in the hydrophobic surface as a result of the excellent uniformity and superior sample collection ability than the normal filter paper based substrate. Besides, the substrate shows excellent reproducibility both substrate-to-substrate and spot-to-spot, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 9.22% and 6.05%, respectively. Moreover, the AgNCs@SiO2/PMHS modified paper substrate achieved good stability, the Raman signal intensity drops by 25.88% after 3 months of exposure to air.
The approaches explored in this dissertation developed as label free, low-cost, reproducible and sensitive analytical SERS detection methods for the analysis of real samples by improving the SERS performance of the substrates through π–π stacking interactions, hydrogen bonding, synergistic effect of the SERS enhancement mechanisms, and by improving the hydrophobicity of the filter paper.

Table of content
中文摘要    i
Abstract    v
Acknowledgement    viii
List of figures    xiii
List of tables    xix
Acronyms    xx
Chapter 1 Introduction    1
1 Background of the study    1
2 Motivation    5
3 Objectives    6
4 Significance of the study    6
5 Structure of the dissertation    7
Chapter 2 Literature review    9
1 Background of Raman spectroscopy    9
2 Basic principles of Raman scattering    9
3 Instrumentation of Raman spectroscopy    10
4 Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)    12
5 Mechanisms of SERS enhancement    13
5.1 Electromagnetic enhancement mechanism of SERS    14
5.2 Chemical enhancement mechanism of SERS    16
6 SERS substrates    17
6.1 Colloidal substrates    19
6.2 Solid substrates    19
6.3 Flexible plasmonic substrates    20
6.4 Paper based flexible substrate    21
7 Key factors to boost SERS    22
7.1 SERS enhancement factor    22
7.2 Reproducibility    23
7.3 Stability    24
7.4  Selectivity    25
8 Selection of Ag material for SERS substrate    26
9 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles    28
9.1 Silver mirror reaction    28
9.2 Citrate reduction method    29
9.3 Polyol method    29
9.4 Seed-mediated growth method    31
9.5 Shape controlled synthesis of AgNPs    31
10  Synthesis of Ag nanocubes and reason of choice    32
11 Synthesis mechanisms of silver nanocubes    33
12 Surface coating for preparation of nanoparticles    34
12.1 Silica coating of plasmonic metal nanoparticles    34
12.2 Polymer coating of plasmonic metal nanoparticles    35
13 Principles of shell-isolated nanoparticles-enhanced Raman spectroscopy    35
14 Applications of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy    37
Chapter 3 Experimental section    41
1 Chemicals and materials    41
2 Synthesis of AgNCs    41
3 Synthesis of AgNCs@PDA    42
4 Synthesis of 1T-MoS2 and 2H-MoS2 nanosheets    43
5 Preparation of 1T-MoS2/AgNCs and 2H-MoS2/AgNCs nanocomposites    44
6 Preparation of AgNCs@SiO2    44
7 Fabrication of paper based SERS substrate    44
8 Characterization    45
9 Preparation of analyte solutions    46
10 SERS measurement    48
Chapter 4 Silver nanocubes@polydopamine surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate as ultrasensitive and stable detection of trace deoxynivalenol    49
1 Scope of the study    49
2 Results and discussion    51
2.1 Morphology and characterization of AgNCs and AgNCs@PDA substrate    51
2.2 FT-IR spectra analysis    54
2.3 The effect of shell thickness of PDA    55
2.4 SERS activity of the substrate    56
2.5 Reproducibility and stability of SERS substrate    58
2.6 SERS quantitative analysis of DON    59
2.7 DON analysis in pig feed    61
3 Summary    63
Chapter 5 Ag nanocubes decorated on 1T-MoS2 nanosheets SERS substrate for reliable and ultrasensitive detection of pesticides    65
1 Scope of the study    65
2 Results and discussion    68
2.1 Characterization    68
2.2 SERS activity of the substrate    77
2.3 Quantitative analysis of pesticides    87
2.4 Analysis of thiram and thiabendazole in real samples    90
2.5 Multiplex analysis of pesticide residues    94
3 Summary    96
Chapter 6 Flexible hydrophobic filter paper decorated with silver nanocubes substrate for sensitive and rapid surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection    97
1 Scope of the study    97
2. Results and discussion    98
2.1 SERS substrate characterization    98
2.2 FTIR analysis    104
2.3 Sensitivity of the SERS substrate    105
2.4 Reproducibility of the SERS substrate    108
2.5 Stability test    110
2.6 SERS analysis of adenine    111
2.7 Analysis of adenine in real sample    114
3 Summary    116
Chapter 7 Conclusion and future outlook    117
1 Conclusion    117
2 Future outlook    119
References    121
List of publications    143
List of conference presentations    145


                                

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