對於一個內燃引擎來說, 燃燒熱釋放過程為影響引擎整體效能很關鍵的因素。由於
內燃機引擎的燃燒熱釋放過程, 無法直接由目前即有之車用感測裝置得知, 因此希望透
過汽缸壓力的量測及燃燒熱釋放率(Heat release rate) 之計算來得知汽缸內燃燒的情
形, 包含燃燒時間點。在本論文中, 主要利用Matlab-Simulink 來建立引擎燃燒熱釋放
模型, 以xPC-Target 控制介面環境來完成燃燒熱釋放、燃燒時間點、平均有效壓力與
汽缸壓力峰值的即時計算, 以作為日後燃燒分析或引擎回授控制之用。

本論文主要分成模擬和實驗兩部份, 模擬部份主要以一均質進氣壓燃引擎(Homogeneous
Charge Compression Ignition, HCCI) 模型來模擬, 將模型中的汽缸壓力訊號與曲軸轉角訊號當作燃燒熱釋放模型的輸入, 來計算引擎燃燒熱釋放。此外利用改變進氣溫度、閥門關閉時間和燃油噴油噴射量, 來分析對汽缸壓力峰值、燃燒熱釋放和燃燒時間點的變化。為評估實際引擎中雜訊干擾的影響, 我們在模型中加入雜訊與濾波器來計算燃燒熱釋放。發現加入濾波器後, 汽缸壓力的相位會落後, 因此進行相位補償以確認燃燒熱釋放計算的準確。實驗部份主要以四行程150c.c. 機車引擎來做實驗, 包含汽缸壓力訊號濾波、行程判斷與曲軸角度轉換。將燃燒熱釋放模型以xPC-Target 來完成即時計算和資料儲存, 透過實際引擎的汽缸壓力訊號和曲軸角度訊號來計算燃燒熱釋放、燃燒時間點、汽缸壓力峰值與平均有效壓力等。

The heat release process and combustion timing, which are not available in
commercial vehicles, are crucial to the efficiency of internal combustion engines.
Using MATLAB xPC-Target toolbox, real-time estimation of the heat release
rate and combustion timing is achieved by a heat release model and measurement
of cylinder pressure and crank angle. The estimated information also includes
indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and peak pressure which can be used
for combustion analysis and control development. Simulation and experiment are
conducted to examine the performance of the real-time estimator.
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine model, which includes
18 states, is employed in the simulation study. The performance of the
estimator is evaluated during changes of intake air temperature, intake valve closing
(IVC) timing and the amount of fuel injected. The effect of measurement noise
and filter is also evaluated and a phase-compensation strategy id developed for the
filter. In the experiment, a four stroke 150 C.C. motorcycle engine is used to assess
the performance of the estimator in real-time applications. By integrating
the heat release model and fast measurement of cylinder pressure and crank angle
in the xPC-Target environment, the cylinder peak pressure, heat release rate and
combustion timing are achieved in real-time.

[1] 余兆棠、陳順智, 數位訊號處理-使用MATLAB. 滄海書局, 台中, 第34-35頁, 2003.
[2] 李宜達, 控制系統設計與模擬. 全華科技圖書股份有限公司, 台北, 第1-1~1-2頁, 2003.
[3] 卓文彬, 「利用電子機械閥門(EMV)之均質進氣壓燃引擎(HCCI)的建模與控制」, 國立台灣科技大學機械工程系, 碩士論文, 台北(2010).
[4] 張智星, MATLAB 程式設計與應用. 清蔚科技股份有限公司, 新竹, 第1-2∼1-5頁.
[5] 陳英鵬, 「機車引擎電子燃油噴射控制對引擎性能及廢氣排放之影響」, 國立雲林科技大學機械工程系, 碩士論文, 雲林(2002).
[6] 經濟部能源局, http://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/oil102/.
[7] J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill,New York(1988).
[8] L. Eriksson and I. Andersson, “An analytic model for cylinder pressure in a four stroke si engine,” SAE Paper 2002-01-0371.
[9] H. C. Watson, P. Mehrani, and M. J. Brear, “The always lean burn spark
ignition (ALSI) engine its performance and emissions,” SAE Paper 2009-01-
0932.
[10] C. W.Wu, R. H. Chen, J. Y. Pu, and T. H. Lin, “The influence of air fuel ratio on engine performance and pollutant emission of an si engine using ethanol gasoline blended fuels,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 38, 2004.
[11] W. H. Crouse and D. L. Anglin, Automotive Mechanics, 10th ed. McGraw-
Hill Book Company.
[12] T. Kume, Y. Iwamoto, K. Iida, M. Murakami, K. Akishino, and H. Ando,
“Combustion control technologies for direct injection SI engine,” SAE Paper
960600.
[13] F.Zhao, M.-C. Lai, and D. Harrington, “Automotive spark-ignited directinjection gasoline engines,” progress in Energy and Combustion Science 25,pp. 437–562, 1999.
[14] I. Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles-Design Fundamentals. CRC Press
Company,pp.243-259.
[15] Rudoif, H. Stanglmaier, and C. E. Roberts, “Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI): Benefits, compromises, and future engine applications,”SAE Paper 1999-01-3682.
[16] K. Epping, S. Aceves, R. Bechtold, and John, “The potential of HCCI combustion for high efficiency and low emissions,” SAE Paper 2002-01-1923.
[17] M. F. Brunt, Rai, and A. L. Emtage, “The calculation of heat release energy from engine cylinder pressure data,” SAE Paper 981052.
[18] R. J. Hosey and J. D. Powell, “Closed loop, knock adaptive spark timing control based on cylinder pressure,” Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement,
and Control, vol. 101, pp. 64–69, March 1979.
[19] M. Hubbard, P. D. Dobson, and J. D. Powell, “Closed loop control of spark
advance using a cylinder pressure sensor,” Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement,and Control, pp. 414–420, Dec 1976.
[20] S. P. paljoo and M. Sunwoo, “Closed-loop control of spark advance and airfuel ratio in SI engines using cylinder pressure,” SAE Paper 2000-01-0933.
[21] U. Asad and M. Zheng, “Real-time heat release analysis for model-based
control of diesel combustion,” SAE Paper 2008-01-1000.
[22] C. D.Rakopoulos, D. T. Hountalas, D. C. Rakopoulos, and E. G. Giakoumis,
“Experimental heat release rate analysis in both chambers of an indirect in-
jection turbocharged diesel engine at various load and speed conditions,” SAE
Paper 2005-01-0926.
[23] C. Chiang and A. Stefanopoulou, “Control of thermal ignition in gasoline
engines,” in Proc. of the American Control Conf, 2005.
[24] N. Ravi, M. J.Roelle, A. F.Jungkunz, and J. Gerdes, “MODEL BASED CONTROL
OF EXHAUST RECOMPRESSION HCCI,” department of Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA-94305.
[25] N. Ravi, M. J. Roelle, and J. C. Gerdes, “CONTROLLER-OBSERVER
IMPLEMENTATION FOR CYCLE-BY-CYCLE CONTROL OF AN HCCI
ENGINE,” ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and
Exposition,IMECE2007-42371, November 11-15 2007.
[26] Mathworks, xPC Target 4 User’s Guide. The MathWorks Inc.
[27] K. Ogata, Discrete-time Control Systms. Pearson Education Taiwan Ltd.,
Taipei, pp.228-241.