本論文為使用電流模式主動元件實現通用型濾波器和弦波振盪器電路應用之研究。相較於使用電壓作為控制變數的電壓模式電路，採用電流作控制變數的電路有較廣的工作頻寬、較高的迴轉率、較大的動態工作範圍、較好的線性度、降低電路複雜度以及減少功率消耗等優點。論文中所設計的電流式主動元件有兩個，分別為運算轉阻放大器以及電流差動轉導放大器。運算轉阻放大器為一電流輸入、電壓輸出之電流式主動元件，實現的應用電路有電流式通用型濾波器電路、電流式正交振盪器和電壓式弦波振盪器;電流差動轉導放大器則為一電流輸入、電流輸出之電流式主動元件，實現的應用電路有電流式通用型濾波器與電流式正交振盪器。此外，電流差動轉導放大器可藉由外接的偏壓電流控制來改變其轉導增益值，達到電子可調之功能。本論文採用台積電0.35 µm互補式金氧半製程實現運算轉阻放大器與電流差動轉導放大器元件之晶片製作。

The research of this thesis is using current-mode active elements to realize universal filters and sinusoidal oscillators. Compared with voltage-mode circuits by using voltage as variables to control circuits, current-mode circuits can get wider bandwidth, higher slew rate, larger dynamic range, better linearity, lower complication and lower power consumption. There are two current-mode active elements designed in this thesis, Operational Transresistance Amplifier (OTRA) and Current Differerncing Transconductance Amplifier (CDTA). OTRA is a current-input, voltage-output active element, and used to realize current-mode universal filter, current-mode quadrature oscillator and voltage-mode sinusoidal oscillator. CDTA is a current-input, current -output active element, and used to realize current-mode universal filter and current-mode quadrature oscillator. Furthermore, we can change the transconductance of CDTA by modulating the bias current to make the circuit electronic-tunable. The chips of CDTA and OTRA are implemented in TSMC 0.35µm CMOS process.

[1] B. Wilson, “Constant bandwidth voltage amplification using current conveyor,” International Journal of Electronics, vol 65, 983-988, 1988.
[2] A. S. Sedra, G. W. Roberts and F. Gohh,“The current conveyor: history, progress and new results,” IEE Proc. G-Circuits Devices and Systems, vol 137, pp.7887, 1990.
[3] J. Mahattanakul and C. Toumazou, “A theoretical study of the stability of high frequency current feedback op-amp integrators,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems.I, vol 43, PP.2-12, 1996.
[4] A. A. Hatzopoulos, S. Siskos, and T. Laopoulos, “Current conveyor based test structures for mixed-signal circuits,” IEE Proc.-Circuits Devices snd Systems, vol 144, pp. 213217, 1997.
[5] C. Toumazou, F. J. Lidgey and D. G. Haigh, “Analog IC design: the current-mode approach, ” London, Peter Peregrinus, 1990.
[6] S. J. Gift and B. J. Maundy, “Improving the bandwidth gain- independence and accuracy of the current feedback amplifier,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems II, vol 52, pp.136–139, 2005.
[7] S. Willy, “Analog Design Essentials,” Springer Verlag, 2006.
[8] K. C. Smith and A. Sedra, “The current conveyors - a new circuit building block,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 56, pp.1368-1369, 1968.
[9] A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, “The second-generation current conveyor and its application,” IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, vol 17, pp.132-134, 1970.
[10] A. Fabre, “The third-generation current conveyor: a new helpful active element,”Electronics Letters, vol 31, pp.338-339, 1995.
[11] S. Fabre, O. Saaid, F. Wiest and C. Boucheron, “High frequency applications based on a new current-controlled conveyor,”IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems.I, vol 43, pp.82-91, 1995.
[12] S. Franco, “Analytical foundations of current-feedback amplifiers," Proc. IEEE ISCAS, vol 2, pp.1050-1053, 1993.
[13] A. Chrisanthopoulos, G. Souliotis and I. Haritantis, “Differential Current amplifiers with improved dynamic range,” 6th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 1999.
[14] M. Higashimura and Y. Fukui, “Simulation of lossless floating inductance using two current conveyors and an operational transconductance amplifier,” Internatioanl Journal of Electronics, vol 66, p.633-638, 1989.
[15] S. N. Nithtianov, G. P. Shterev, B. Iliev, and G. C. M. Meiger, “An interface circuit for R-C impedance sensors with a relaxation oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 50, pp. 1563–1567, 2001.
[16] F. GIUSEPPE and C. G. NICOLA, “Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Current Conveyors,” London, Kluwer Press, 2003.
[17] B. Maundy, S. J. G. Gift, and P. B. Aronhime, “A novel differential high-frequency CFA integrator,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 289-293, June. 2004.
[18] B. N. Ray, P. K. Nandi, and P. P. Chaudhuri, “Synthesis of programmable multi-input current-mode linear analog circuits,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1440–1456, Aug. 2004.
[19] C. Acar and H. Kuntman, “Limitation on input signal level in voltage-mode active-RC filters using current conveyors,” Microelectronics Journal, vol. 30, pp.69-76, 1999.
[20] A. Piovaccari, “CMOS integrated third-generation current conveyor,” Electronic Letters, vol. 31, pp.1228-1229, 1995.
[21] B. M. Al-Hashimi, “New Dual Output Transconductance Amplifier Based Biquad,” Proc. IEEE Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Atlanta, pp.764-768, 1996.
[22] J. Cheng, H. Tsao and C. Chen, “Operational Transresistance amplifier using CMOS technology,” Electronics Letters, vol. 28, pp.2087-2088, 1992.
[23] D. Biolek, “CDTA – building block for current-mode analog signal processing,” In proccedings of the European conference on circuit theory and design 2003, Cracow, Poland, 2003, Vol. 3, P.397-400.
[24] W. Y. Chiu, “The Design of KHN Biquad and Oscillator Emplying Differential Difference Current Conveyors” 中原大學電子工程研究所論文, 2005.
[25] H. C. Chien, “Design of Oscillator Circuits Based on Operational Transresistance and Transconductance Amplifiers” 台灣科技大學電子工程系博士論文, 2007.