群體智能演算法於投資策略、財務預警及通貨發行量預測之應用研究

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研究生：	黃翠華 Tsui-Hua - Huang
論文名稱：	群體智能演算法於投資策略、財務預警及通貨發行量預測之應用研究 Swarm Intelligence in Constructing Investment Strategies, Financial Crisis Warning and Currency Issuance Volume Forecasting Models
指導教授：	呂永和 Yungho Leu
口試委員:	林維垣 Wei-Yuan Lin 陳雲岫 Yun-Shiow Chen 楊維寧 Wei-Ning Yang 洪政煌 Cheng-Huang Hung
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	管理學院 - 管理研究所 Graduate Institute of Management
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	105
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	56
中文關鍵詞：	共同基金、資料包絡法、夏普指標、崔那指標、廣義迴歸神經網路、果蠅演算法、蜂群演算法、粒子群演算法、群體智能演算法
外文關鍵詞：	Treynor Ratio, Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm, General Regression Neural Networks, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
相關次數：	點閱：335 下載：11
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隨著經濟的發展，科技的進步，人們一直在尋求更有效的預測方式，期能提升管理效能，以達利潤極大化為目標。類神經網路自1957年被提出後，由於不須符合多變量分析的諸多假設，且能處理不同的資料型態，其計算能力、適用性、學習能力與容錯能力不錯，被廣泛的應用於各種領域，如金融財務、電機工程及醫學領域等。隨著時代的演進，網路科技的發達，大數據儼然成為時代的趨勢，加以電腦科技的進步，提高了電腦的運算速度，使得人工智慧益顯重要，經後續學者不斷研發及改進，各式演算法如螞蟻、粒子群、蜂群及果蠅演算法等紛紛被提出，對於處理各種最佳化問題成效斐然。本論文以下三篇研究，實證群體智能演算法對人們在財經領域的貢獻，期望能幫助國家或企業提升管理效能或協助投資人建構投資策略。
第一篇文章應用果蠅演算法(Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm，FOA)及神經網路建構基金投資策略，分二階段進行，第一階段應用資料包絡法(Data Envelopment Analysis)、夏普指標(Sharpe index)和崔那指標(Treynor index)選擇投資策略. 第二階段，應用果蠅演算法優化廣義迴歸神經網路參數、廣義迴歸神經網路(General Regression Neural Network，GRNN)及傳統迴歸(Regression)，以前1期每日報酬率為投入變數，以當日報酬率為依變數，建構投資模型，以比較各種投資策略之預測績效，發現以夏普指標所選擇的投資組合績效優於其他投資組合，以果蠅演算法優化廣義迴歸神經網路參數建構的投資預測模型績效優於其他模型。
第二篇文章為應用果蠅演算法及神經網路建構以ZSCORE為基礎的的財務危機預警模型。首先，應用果蠅演算法(FOA)找出最適的ZSCORE 模型投入變數之係數，我們稱之為FOA_ZSCORE模型，其次找出預測值與實際值的差額當作新的依變數，再以果蠅演算法優化廣義迴歸(FOA_GRNN)及廣義迴歸神經網路進行預測，最後將預測結果加回原來的FOA_ZSCORE模型，以提高FOA_ZSCORE模型預測績效，我們分別稱之為FOA_ZSCORE+FOA_GRNN及FOA_ZSCORE+GRNN模型，本研究共包含了ZSCORE、FOA_ZSCORE、FOA_ZSCORE+GRNN及FOA_ZSCORE+FOA_GRNN有4種模型，其中以FOA_ZSCORE+FOA_GRNN模型效果最好，優於其他模型，另以多元雲型迴歸挑選之投入變數，亦能明顯改善預測績效。
第三篇係應用蜂群演算法(Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm，ABCA)、粒子群演算法(Particle Swarm Optimization，PSO)、廣義迴歸神經網路(GRNN)及傳統多元迴歸(Multiple Regression，MR)模型預測美國通貨發行量，本文首先應用蜂群演算法及粒子群演算法優化廣義迴歸參數，其次建構各種模型以比較預測績效，各種模型包括ABCA+GRNN、PSO+GRNN、GRNN及MR模型，以群體智能演算法優化廣義迴歸神經網路參數建構的預測模型效果最好。
依上述三篇研究結果均顯示，以群體智能演算法優化廣義迴歸神經網路參數確實能提高預測績效，可供各行業各階層管理人員，根據預測結果做決策以獲取較高報酬及提高管理效能，如提供給國家通貨發行單位，改善現金管理效率，或提供企業經理人及投資人企業營運狀況預警的功能，或建構較佳的基金投資策略。

To enhance management efficacy and maximize utilities, more effective forecasting methodologies are required in the context of continued economic and technological developments. Due to its computing power, versatility, learning capability and fault tolerance, the neural network has been widely used in finance, electronic engineering and medicine since their inception in 1957. Neural networks are advantageous in that they do not require presumptions typically seen in multivariate analyses and have the ability to handle different data types. Due to the advances in computing technologies and computer networks, the swarm intelligence has become an important technology for problem solving. Algorithms mimicking ants, birds, bees and fruit flies have been developed to seek the optimal solution to a problem. This thesis refers to three studies to illustrate the contribution of swarm intelligence algorithms to the fields of finance and economics.
In the first study entitled "A Mutual Fund Investment Method Using Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm and Neural Network", an investing strategy was constructed in two stages. In the first stage, the data envelopment analysis (DEA), Sharpe ratio and Treynor ratio were used to select mutual fund portfolios. In the second stage, the Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm, General Regression Neural Networks and traditional regression models were used to predict the closing net asset value (NAV) of a mutual fund based on the closing NAV of the previous day. Several experiments were conducted to compare the prediction accuracies and the accumulated return rates of different investment strategies. The results indicated that the investment portfolio constructed by Sharpe ratios outperformed the other portfolios. Furthermore, the investment prediction model built with the fruit fly optimization was superior to the other models.
The second study is on "Constructing ZSCORE-based Financial Crisis Warning Models Using Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm and General Regression Neural Network". First, the Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (FOA) was used to adjust the values of the coefficients of parameters in the ZSCORE model (FOA_ZSCORE model). Then, the difference between the forecasted value and the actual value of the dependent variable was calculated. Afterwards, the Generalized Regression Neural Network model (GRNN model), with the spread parameter optimized by the FOA (FOA_GRNN model), was used to forecast the difference to improve the forecasting accuracy. Various models, including ZSCORE, FOA_ZSCORE, FOA_ZSCORE+GRNN, and FOA_ZSCORE+FOA_GRNN, were trained and tested. The results showed that FOA_ZSCORE+FOA_GRNN model offered the highest prediction accuracy comparing to the others models.
The third study is on "Swarm Intelligence and Neural Network in Constructing Prediction Models for Currency Issuance Volume: the US Experience". In this study, the Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABCA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) were used to optimize the GRNN in constructing a predicting model for the volume of issuance of the United States. The constructed models include ABCA+GRNN, PSO+GRNN, GRNN and Multiple Regression. The experiments showed that the GRNNs optimized by the ABCA and the PSO, respectively, outperformed the non-optimized GRNN and the Multiple Regression model.
The above three studies suggest that swarm intelligence algorithms can improve the prediction accuracy of a forecasting model. Managers in different industries can use the information as a reference to improve management efficiency and generate operational warnings. Governments can refer to the predictions of the volume of the currency issuance to promote efficiency in cash operation in their central banks. Finally, investors can utilize the swarm intelligence algorithm to construct investment strategies.

論文摘要		II
Abstract		IV
Acknowledgements	VI
Table of Contents	VII
List of Figures	XI
List of Tables	XII
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
Chapter 2 Research Method	4
1 Research Steps	4
2 General Regression Neural Networks	5
3 Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm	6
4 Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm	9
5 Particle Swarm Optimization	11
Chapter 3 A Mutual Fund Investment Method Using Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm and Neural Network	14
1 Introduction	14
2 Literature Reviews	15
2.1 Traditional performance indices of mutual funds	15
2.2 Mutual fund selection using data envelopment analysis	16
2.3 Applications of artificial intelligence in optimization and investment	16
3 Research method	17
3.1 Research architecture	17
3.2 The prediction model	18
3.3 Optimizing the GRNN by FOA	19
3.4 Performance evaluation	20
3.4.1 The directional symmetry	20
3.4.2 The return rate on investment	20
4 Empirical results and analysis	21
4.1 Description of variables	21
4.2 The mutual funds selected by different methods	21
4.3 Investment performance analysis	22
4.3.1 Return rate analysis	22
4.3.2 The directional symmetry of different methods	23
5 Summary	24
Chapter 4 Constructing ZSCORE-based Financial Crisis Warning Models Using Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm and General Regression Neural Network	25
1 Introduction	25
2 Literature reviews	27
2.1 Bankruptcy forecast model created with the traditional quantitative method	27
2.2 The application of artificial intelligence in predicting bankruptcy	28
2.2.1 Construction of a forecast model with artificial intelligence.	28
2.2.2 Construction of a forecast model with algorithm and various hybrid models	29
3 Methodology	30
3.1 The ZSCORE model and its improvement	31
3.1.1 The ZSCORE model	31
3.1.2 Improvement to the ZSCORE model	32
3.1.3 Parameter selection using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)	33
3.2 Optimizing the GRNN by FOA	34
4 Empirical study	35
4.1 Performance metrics	35
4.2 Research variables and scope	35
4.3 The ZSCORE-based models	36
4.4 Performance comparison	38
4.4.1 Comparisons on prediction accuracy.	38
4.4.2 ROC curve analysis.	40
5 Summary	42
Chapter 5 Swarm Intelligence and Neural Network in Constructing Prediction Models for Currency Issuance Volume: the US Experience	44
1 Introduction	44
2 Literature Reviews	46
3 Research Method	48
4 Empirical Analysis	51
4.1 Research variables and scope	51
4.2 Performance metrics	53
4.3 Comparison of Prediction Accuracy	53
5 Summary	54
Chapter 6 Conclusion	55
References	57
Published Works	63
                                

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