在這項研究中，我們以不同抗菌因子搭配光固化複合高分子，建立可用於3D列印程序之光固化樹脂配方，所使用的抗菌因子包括銀離子、十六烷基氯化砒啶（CPC，Cetylpyridinium chloride）和低分子量幾丁聚醣（CS）添加到我們的光敏樹脂中，並對抗菌劑添加樹脂的列印性質和抗菌效果進行分析。
實踐結果顯示添加銀離子、CPC和CS的光固化樹脂皆具有抗菌性，結果表明，銀離子及CPC對大腸桿菌及金黃色葡萄球菌的抑制比例到達99.99％，CS的抑菌比例則約為50%。光固化產物的收縮率在2.2-12％之間，這可能是由於密度測量中抗菌劑的釋放引起的。抗菌劑的損失導致樹脂收縮，因此收縮率隨銀離子、CPC和CS的含量和親水性而增加。添加抗菌劑會降低轉化率，這是因為所有這些添加劑都不具有光反應性，並且會在光樹脂的固化過程中產生空間位阻。含抗菌劑的樹脂的最終轉化率CS 5%為98.6%、CS10%為93.2%；CPC 5%為98.7、 CPC 10%為95.2%；銀離子 1%為87.5%、銀離子1.45%為84.5%，高轉化率代表印刷效率和產品穩定性是可以接受的。根據ISO-10993進行的細胞培養結果表明這些光敏樹脂具有良好的生物相容性，其中CS的生物相容性較銀離子和CPC高，這是因為CS屬於大分子的抗菌劑，光固化樹脂中較不易從中釋放。
本研究所開發的抗菌型光固化樹脂，具有良好的抗菌性，穩定性及生物相容性，發展作為3D列印抗菌光固化樹脂。

In this research, the formulation of anti-bacterial photo-resin was established by the addition of silver ions, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and low-molecular-weight chitosan (CS). The printing resolution and anti-bacterial effects of photo-resin were then analyzed.
The experimental results indicated that the bacterial colonies were reduced to 0.001 to 1% of the original colonies by using anti-bacterial photo-resin with silver ions and CPC. The CS additives suppressed the bacterial growth to 50%. The shrinkage rate of photo-cured products was ranged from 2.2 to 12%, which was possibly caused by the release of anti-bacterial agents in density measurement. The shrinkage rate increased with the amount and hydrophilicity of silver ion, CPC and CS. On the other hand, the conversion rate decreased due to the addition of anti-bacterial agents. It was because all these additives were not photo-reactive and would produce steric hindrances in the curing of photo-resin. However, the final conversion rates of antibacterial resin were ranged from 84% to 99%, indicating the acceptable printing efficiency and product stability. The results from cell culture supported that the antibacterial photo-resin was biocompatible.
The anti-bacterial photo-resin developed in this research showed good printing resolution, mechanical strength and biocompatibility, which was promising in biomedical applications of 3D printing.
 

1. Gibson, I., D. Rosen, and B. Stucker, “Introduction and Basic Principles in Additive Manufacturing Technologies” Springer New York；2015:1-18.
2. Campbell, T., and O.S. Ivanova, “Additive Manufacturing as A Disruptive Technology: Implications of Three-Dimentional Printing” Technology and innovation ; 2013; 15: 67-79.
3. McMenamin, P.G., M.R. Quayle, C.R. McHenry, and J.W. Adams, “The Production of Anatomical Teaching Resources Using Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Technology” Anat. Sci. Educ.; 2014; 7: 479-486.
4. Hung, C.C., Y.T. Li, Y.C. Chou, J.E. Chen, C.C. Wu, H.C. Shen, and T.T. Yeh, “Conventional plate fixation method versus pre-operative virtual simulation and three-dimensional printing-assisted contoured plate fixation method in the treatment of anterior pelvic ring fracture” International orthopaedics; 2019; 43: 425-431.
5. Roseti, L., V. Parisi, M. Petretta, C. Cavallo, G. Desando, I. Bartolotti, and B. Grigolo, “Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: State of the art and new perspectives” Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. Biol. Appl.; 2017; 78: 1246-1262.
6. Kenawy, E. R., S.D. Worley, and R. Broughton, “ The Chemistry and Applications of Antimicrobial Polymers:  A State-of-the-Art Review”Biomacromolecules; 2007; 8(5): 1359-1384.
7. Murphy, S.V. and A. Atala, “3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. ” Nature Biotechnology; 2014; 32(8): 773-785.
8. Zhu F., Skommer J., Macdonald N.P., Friedrich T., Kaslin J., Wlodkowic D. “Three-dimensional printed millifluidic devices for zebrafish embryo tests. ” Biomicrofluidics; 2015; 9(4): 046502-046502.
9. Ligon, S.C., R. Liska, J. Stampfl, M. Gurr, and R. Mulhaupt, “Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing” Chem. Rev.; 2017; 117: 10212-10290.
10. Lee, J.Y., J. An, and C.K. Chua, “Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials” Appl. Mater. Today; 2017; 7: 120-133.
11. Turner, B.N. and S.A. Gold, “A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: II. Materials, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness” Rapid Prototyping J.; 2015; 21: 250-261.
12. Leben, L.M., J.J. Schwartz, A.J. Boydston, R.J. D'Mello, and A.M. Waas, “Optimized heterogeneous plates with holes using 3D printing via vat photo-polymerization” Addit. Manuf.; 2018; 24: 210-216.
13. Gaynor, A.T., N.A. Meisel, C.B. Williams, and J.K. Guest, “Multiple-Material Topology Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms Created Via PolyJet Three-Dimensional Printing” J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.-Trans. ASME; 2014; 136: 10-10.
14. Hong, D.H., D.T. Chou, O.I. Velikokhatnyi, A. Roy, B. Lee, I. Swink, I. Issaev, H.A. Kuhn, and P.N. Kumta, “Binder-jetting 3D printing and alloy development of new biodegradable Fe-Mn-Ca/Mg alloys” Acta Biomater.; 2016; 45: 375-386.
15. Obikawa, T., M. Yoshino, and J. Shinozuka, “Sheet steel lamination for rapid manufacturing” J. Mater. Process. Technol.; 1999; 90: 171-176.
16. Khairallah, S.A., A.T. Anderson, A. Rubenchik, and W.E. King, “Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing: Physics of complex melt flow and formation mechanisms of pores, spatter, and denudation zones” Acta Mater.; 2016; 108: 36-45.
17. Carroll, B.E., T.A. Palmer, and A.M. Beese, “Anisotropic tensile behavior of Ti-6Al-4V components fabricated with directed energy deposition additive manufacturing” Acta Mater.; 2015; 87: 309-320.
18. Gross, B.C., J.L. Erkal, S.Y. Lockwood, C.P. Chen, and D.M. Spence, “Evaluation of 3D Printing and Its Potential Impact on Biotechnology and the Chemical Sciences” Anal. Chem.; 2014; 86: 3240-3253.
19. Chan, V., P. Zorlutuna, J.H. Jeong, H. Kong, and R. Bashir, “Three-dimensional photopatterning of hydrogels using stereolithography for long-term cell encapsulation” Lab on a Chip; 2010; 10: 2062-2070.
20. Cooke, M.N., J.P. Fisher, D. Dean, C. Rimnac, and A.G. Mikos, “Use of stereolithography to manufacture critical-sized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth” J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater; 2003; 64B: 65-69.
21. Melchels, F.P.W., J. Feijen, and D.W. Grijpma, “A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering” Biomaterials; 2010; 31: 6121-6130.
22. Bhattacharjee, N., A. Urrios, S. Kanga, and A. Folch, “The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics” Lab on a Chip; 2016; 16: 1720-1742.
23. Ge, L.S., L.T. Dong, D. Wang, Q. Ge, and G.Y. Gu, “A digital light processing 3D printer for fast and high-precision fabrication of soft pneumatic actuators” Sens. Actuator A-Phys.; 2018; 273: 285-292.
24. Athanasiou, K.A., J.P. Schmitz, and C.M. Agrawal, “The effects of porosity on in vitro degradation of polylactic acid polyglycolic acid implants used in repair of articular cartilage” Tissue Eng.; 1998; 4: 53-63.
25. Anderson, J.M. and M.S. Shive, “Biodegradation and biocompatibility of PLA and PLGA microspheres” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.; 2012; 64: 72-82.
26. Lam, C.X.F., D.W. Hutmacher, J.T. Schantz, M.A. Woodruff, and S.H. Teoh, “Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A; 2009; 90A: 906-919.
27. Benfarhi, S., C. Decker, L. Keller, and K. Zahouily, “Synthesis of clay nanocomposite materials by light-induced crosslinking polymerization” Eur. Polym. J.; 2004; 40: 493-501.
28. Kannurpatti, A.R., J.W. Anseth, and C.N. Bowman, “A study of the evolution of mechanical properties and structural heterogeneity of polymer networks formed by photopolymerizations of multifunctional (meth)acrylates” Polymer; 1998; 39: 2507-2513.
29. Nguyen, L.H., M. Straub, and M. Gu, “Acrylate-Based Photopolymer for Two-Photon Microfabrication and Photonic Applications. ” Advanced Functional Materials; 2005; 15(2): 209-216.
30. Weidenmaier, C. and A. Peschel, “Teichoic acids and related cell-wall glycopolymers in Gram-positive physiology and host interactions. ” Nature Reviews Microbiology; 2008; 6(4): 276-287.
31. Salton, M.R.J., “Studies of the bacterial cell wall: IV. The composition of the cell walls of some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. ” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1953; 10: 512-523.
32. Gelman, M.A., Weisblum, B., Lynn, D.M., Gellman, S.H., “Biocidal Activity of Polystyrenes That Are Cationic by Virtue of Protonation. ” Organic Letters; 2004; 6(4): 557-560.
33. Xue, Y., H. Xiao, and Y. Zhang, “Antimicrobial polymeric materials with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts. ” International journal of molecular sciences; 2015; 16(2): 3626-3655.
34. Wang, X. and C. Wang, “The antibacterial finish of cotton via sols containing quaternary ammonium salts. ” Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology; 2009; 50: 15-21.
35. Obłąk, E., Piecuch, A., Guz-Regner K., Dworniczek E., “Antibacterial activity of gemini quaternary ammonium salts. FEMS Microbiology Letters” ; 2014; 350(2): 190-198.
36. Brycki, B., Koziróg, A., Kowalczyk, I., Pospieszny, T., Materna, P., and Marciniak, J., “Synthesis, Structure, Surface and Antimicrobial Properties of New Oligomeric Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Aromatic Spacers. ”Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) ; 2017; 22(11): 1810.
37. Ornelas-Megiatto, C., P.R. Wich, and J.M. Fréchet, “Polyphosphonium polymers for siRNA delivery: an efficient and nontoxic alternative to polyammonium carriers. ” Journal of the American Chemical Society; 2012; 134(4): 1902-1905.
38. Hemp, S. T., Smith, A. E., Bryson, J. M., Allen, M. H., Jr, and Long, T. E., “Phosphonium-containing diblock copolymers for enhanced colloidal stability and efficient nucleic acid delivery.” Biomacromolecules; 2012; 13(8): 2439-2445.
39. Xue, Y., Pan, Y., Xiao, H., and Zhao, Y., “Novel quaternary phosphonium-type cationic polyacrylamide and elucidation of dual-functional antibacterial/antiviral activity. ” Rsc Advances; 2014; 4(87): 46887-46895.
40. Sun, Y. and G. Sun, “Novel Refreshable N-Halamine Polymeric Biocides:  N-Chlorination of Aromatic Polyamides. ” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research; 2004; 43(17): 5015-5020.
41. Sun, Y., Chen, T. Y., Worley, S. D., and Sun, G., “Novel refreshable N-halamine polymeric biocides containing imidazolidin-4-one derivatives.” Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry; 2001; 39(18): 3073-3084.
42. Hirayama, M., “The Antimicrobial Activity, Hydrophobicity and Toxicity of Sulfonium Compounds, and Their Relationship.” Biocontrol Science; 2011; 16(1): 23-31.
43. Lowe, A., Deng, W., Smith Jr, D. W., & Balkus Jr, K. J., “Acrylonitrile-Based Nitric Oxide Releasing Melt-Spun Fibers for Enhanced Wound Healing.” Macromolecules; 2012; 45(15): 5894-5900.
44. Sun, Y. and G. Sun, “Novel refreshable N-halamine polymeric biocides: N-chlorination of aromatic polyamides.” Industrial and engineering chemistry research ; 2004; 43(17): 5015-5020.
45. Hui, F. and C. Debiemme-Chouvy, “Antimicrobial N-halamine polymers and coatings: a review of their synthesis, characterization, and applications. ” Biomacromolecules; 2013; 14(3): 585-601.
46. Ward, M., Sanchez, M., Elasri, M. O., & Lowe, A. B., “Antimicrobial activity of statistical polymethacrylic sulfopropylbetaines against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. ” Journal of Applied Polymer Science; 2006; 101(2): 1036-1041.
47. Mi, L., and S. Jiang, “Integrated Antimicrobial and Nonfouling Zwitterionic Polymers. ” Angewandte Chemie International Edition; 2014; 53(7): 1746-1754.
48. Cao, Z., Brault, N., Xue, H., Keefe, A., and Jiang, S., “Manipulating Sticky and Non-Sticky Properties in a Single Material.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition; 2011; 50(27): 6102-6104.
49. Cao, Z., Mi, L., Mendiola, J., Ella‐Menye, J. R., Zhang, L., Xue, H., and Jiang, S., “Reversibly Switching the Function of a Surface between Attacking and Defending against Bacteria.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition; 2012; 51(11):. 2602-2605.
50. Ivask, A., ElBadawy, A., Kaweeteerawat, C., Boren, D., Fischer, H., Ji, Z., and Godwin, H. A., “Toxicity mechanisms in Escherichia coli vary for silver nanoparticles and differ from ionic silver.” ACS nano;2014; 8(1): 374-386.
51. Gibson, I., S. Best, and W. Bonfield, “ Chemical characterization of silicon‐substituted hydroxyapatite.” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials; 1999; 44(4): 422-428.
52. Radovanović, Ž., Jokić, B., Veljović, D., Dimitrijević, S., Kojić, V., Petrović, R., & Janaćković, D., “Antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of Ag+-and Cu2+-doped biphasic hydroxyapatite/α-tricalcium phosphate obtained from hydrothermally synthesized Ag+-and Cu2+-doped hydroxyapatite. ” Applied surface science; 2014; 307: 513-519.
53. Sader, M.S., R.Z. LeGeros, and G.A. Soares, “Human osteoblasts adhesion and proliferation on magnesium-substituted tricalcium phosphate dense tablets. ” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine; 2009; 20(2): 521-527.
54. Ito, A., Ojima, K., Naito, H., Ichinose, N., & Tateishi, T., “Preparation, solubility, and cytocompatibility of zinc‐releasing calcium phosphate ceramics. ” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials; 2000; 50(2): 178-183.
55. Matsumoto, N., Sato, K., Yoshida, K., Hashimoto, K., and Toda, Y., “Preparation and characterization of β-tricalcium phosphate co-doped with monovalent and divalent antibacterial metal ions. ” Acta biomaterialia; 2009; 5(8): 3157-3164.
56. Fan, Z., Liu, B., Wang, J., Zhang, S., Lin, Q., Gong, P., and Yang, S., “A novel wound dressing based on Ag/graphene polymer hydrogel: effectively kill bacteria and accelerate wound healing. ” Advanced Functional Materials; 2014; 24(25): 3933-3943.
57. Steiner, H., Hultmark, D., Engström, Å., Bennich, H., & Boman, H. G., “Sequence and specificity of two antibacterial proteins involved in insect immunity. ” Nature; 1981; 292(5820): 246-248.
58. Bera, A., Herbert, S., Jakob, A., Vollmer, W., & Götz, F., “Why are pathogenic staphylococci so lysozyme resistant? The peptidoglycan O‐acetyltransferase OatA is the major determinant for lysozyme resistance of Staphylococcus aureus.” Molecular microbiology; 2005; 55(3): 778-787.
59. Greulich, C., Diendorf, J., Simon, T., Eggeler, G., Epple, M., & Köller, M., “Uptake and intracellular distribution of silver nanoparticles in human mesenchymal stem cells.” Acta biomaterialia; 2011; 7(1): 347-354.
60. Fielding, G. A., Roy, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., and Bose, S., “Antibacterial and biological characteristics of silver containing and strontium doped plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. ” Acta biomaterialia; 2012; 8(8): 3144-3152.
61. Hu, H., Zhang, W., Qiao, Y. Q., Jiang, X. Y., Liu, X., and Ding, C, “Antibacterial activity and increased bone marrow stem cell functions of Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings on titanium.” Acta biomaterialia;2012; 8(2):904-915.
62. Sultan, S., Siqueira, G., Zimmermann, T., & Mathew, A. P., “3D printing of nano-cellulosic biomaterials for medical applications”. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering; 2017; 2: 29-34.
63. Pattinson, S.W. and A.J. Hart, “Additive manufacturing of cellulosic materials with robust mechanics and antimicrobial functionality. ” Advanced Materials Technologies; 2017; 2(4): 1600084.
64. Gleeson, M. R., Kelly, J. V., Close, C. E., O'Neill, F. T., and Sheridan, J. T., “Effects of absorption and inhibition during grating formation in photopolymer materials.” Journal of the Optical Society of America B; 2006; 23(10): 2079-2088.
65. Tran, P., Ngo, T. D., Ghazlan, A., and Hui, D., “Bimaterial 3D printing and numerical analysis of bio-inspired composite structures under in-plane and transverse loadings. ” Composites Part B: Engineering; 2017; 108: 210-223.
66. Liau, S. Y., Read, D. C., Pugh, W. J., Furr, J. R., & Russell, A. D., “Interaction of silver nitrate with readily identifiable groups: relationship to the antibacterialaction of silver ions.” Letters in applied microbiology; 1997; 25(4):. 279-283.
67. Brown, T. and B. TA, “THE EFFECTS OF SILVER NITRATE ON THE GROWTH AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE YEAST CRYPTOCACCUS ALBIDUS”; 1976.
68. Richards, R., H. Odelola, and B. Anderson, “Effect of silver on whole cells and spheroplasts of a silver resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ” Microbios; 1984; 39(157-158): 151-157.
69. Yamamoto, K., Ohashi, S., Aono, M., Kokubo, T., Yamada, I., and Yamauchi, J., “Antibacterial activity of silver ions implanted in SiO2 filler on oral streptococci.” Dental Materials; 1996; 12(4): 227-229.
70. Berger, T. J., Spadaro, J. A., Chapin, S. E., and Becker, R. O., “Electrically generated silver ions: quantitative effects on bacterial and mammalian cells. ” Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy;1976; 9(2): 357-358.
71. Erdem, U., and Turkoz, M. B., “Silver release of Ag (I) doped hydroxyapatite: In vitro study.” Microscopy Research and Technique; 2019; 82(7): 961-971.
72. Jones, J. R., Ehrenfried, L. M., Saravanapavan, P., and Hench, L L., “Controlling ion release from bioactive glass foam scaffolds with antibacterial properties.” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine; 2006; 17(11): 989-996.
73. Witt, J., Ramji, N., Gibb, R., Dunavent, J., Flood, J., & Barnes, J., “Antibacterial and antiplaque effects of a novel, alcohol-free oral rinse with cetylpyridinium chloride. ” The journal of contemporary dental practice; 2005; 6 1: 1-9.
74. Steinberg, D., M. Moldovan, and D. Molukandov, “Testing a degradable topical varnish of cetylpyridinium chloride in an experimental dental biofilm model. ”Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy; 2001; 48(2): 241-243.
75. Ehara, A., Torii, M., Imazato, S., & Ebisu, S., “Antibacterial Activities and Release Kinetics of a Newly Developed Recoverable Controlled Agent-release System. ” Journal of Dental Research; 2000; 79(3): 824-828.
76. Imazato, S., Ebi, N., Takahashi, Y., Kaneko, T., Ebisu, S., & Russell, R. R., “Antibacterial activity of bactericide-immobilized filler for resin-based restoratives. ” Biomaterials; 2003; 24(20): 3605-3609.
77. Namba, N., Yoshida, Y., Nagaoka, N., Takashima, S., Matsuura-Yoshimoto, K., Maeda, H., and Takashiba, S., “Antibacterial effect of bactericide immobilized in resin matrix. ” Dental Materials; 2009; 25(4): 424-430.
78. Yalpani, M., F. Johnson, and L. Robinson, “Antimicrobial activity of some chitosan derivatives. ” Advances in chitin and chitosan; 1992: 543-548.
79. Prescott, L. and J. Harley, “Laboratory Exercise in Microbiology. ” McGraw-Hill Companies New York; 2002.
80. Water, J. J., Bohr, A., Boetker, J., Aho, J., Sandler, N., Nielsen, H. M., & Rantanen, J., “Three-dimensional printing of drug-eluting implants: preparation of an antimicrobial polylactide feedstock material. ” Journal of pharmaceutical sciences; 2015; 104(3): 1099-1107.
81. Sandler, N., Salmela, I., Fallarero, A., Rosling, A., Khajeheian, M., Kolakovic, R., and Vuorela, P., “Towards fabrication of 3D printed medical devices to prevent biofilm formation. ” International Journal of Pharmaceutics; 2014; 459(1): 62-64.
82. Mills, D. K., Jammalamadaka, U., Tappa, K., and Weisman, J., “Studies on the cytocompatibility, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of 3D printed poly(methyl methacrylate) beads. ” Bioactive Materials; 2018; 3(2):. 157-166.
83. Mai, H. N., Hyun, D. C., Park, J. H., Kim, D. Y., Lee, S. M., and Lee, D. H., “Antibacterial Drug-Release Polydimethylsiloxane Coating for 3D-Printing Dental Polymer: Surface Alterations and Antimicrobial Effects. ” Pharmaceuticals; 2020; 13(10): 304.
84. Totu, E. E., Nechifor, A. C., Nechifor, G., Aboul-Enein, H. Y., & Cristache, C. M., “Poly(methyl methacrylate) with TiO2 nanoparticles inclusion for stereolitographic complete denture manufacturing − the fututre in dental care for elderly edentulous patients? ” Journal of Dentistry; 2017; 59: 68-77.
85. Azuma, A., N. Akiba, and S. Minakuchi, “Hydrophilic surface modification of acrylic denture base material by silica coating and its influence on Candida albicans adherence. ” Journal of medical and dental sciences; 2012; 59(1): 1-7.
86. Fukunishi, M., Inoue, Y., Morisaki, H., Kuwata, H., Ishihara, K., Baba, K., and Baba, K., “A Polymethyl Methacrylate-Based Acrylic Dental Resin Surface Bound with a Photoreactive Polymer Inhibits Accumulation of Bacterial Plaque. ” International Journal of Prosthodontics; 2017; 30(6).
87. Rokaya, D., Srimaneepong, V., Sapkota, J., Qin, J., Siraleartmukul, K., and Siriwongrungson, V., “Polymeric materials and films in dentistry: An overview. ” Journal of advanced research; 2018; 14: 25-34.
88. Yue, J., Zhao, P., Gerasimov, J. Y., van de Lagemaat, M., Grotenhuis, A., Rustema‐Abbing, M., and Ren, Y., “3D-Printable Antimicrobial Composite Resins. ” Advanced Functional Materials; 2015; 25(43): 6756-6767.
89. Cloutier, M., D. “Mantovani, and F. Rosei, Antibacterial coatings: challenges, perspectives, and opportunities.” Trends in biotechnology; 2015; 33(11): 637-652.
90. Sa, L., Kaiwu, L., Shenggui, C., Junzhong, Y., Yongguang, J., Lin, W., and Li, R., “3D printing dental composite resins with sustaining antibacterial ability”. Journal of Materials Science; 2019; 54(4): 3309-3318.
91. Mesa-Múnera, E., J. Ramírez-Salazar, P. Boulanger, and J. Branch, “Inverse-FEM Characterization of a Brain Tissue Phantom to Simulate Compression and Indentation” Ingeniería y Ciencia; 2012; 8: 11-36.
92. Kaewpirom, S. and D. Kunwong, “Curing behavior and cured film performance of easy-to-clean UV-curable coatings based on hybrid urethane acrylate oligomers” Journal of Polymer Research; 2012; 19-20.
93. Le Fer, G., Y. Luo, and M.L. Becker, “Poly (propylene fumarate) stars, using architecture to reduce the viscosity of 3D printable resins. ” Polymer Chemistry; 2019; 10(34): 4655-4664.
94. Krainer, S., C. Smit, and U. Hirn, “The effect of viscosity and surface tension on inkjet printed picoliter dots. ” RSC advances; 2019; 9(54): 31708-31719.
95. Mustatea, G., Calinescu, I., Diacon, A. U. R. E. L., & Balan, L., “Photoinduced Synthesis of Silver/polymer Nanocomposites. ” MATERIALE PLASTICE; 2014; 51: 17-21.
96. Kim, W.S., Y.-C. Jeong, and J.-K. Park, “Organic-inorganic hybrid photopolymer with reduced volume shrinkage. ” Applied Physics Letters; 2005; 87(1): 012106.
97. Bertlein, S., Brown, G., Lim, K. S., Jungst, T., Boeck, T., Blunk, T., ... & Groll, J., “Thiol–ene clickable gelatin: a platform bioink for multiple 3D biofabrication technologies. ” Advanced materials; 2017; 29(44): 1703404.
98. Bowman, C.N. and K.S. Anseth. “Microstructural evolution in polymerizations of tetrafunctional monomers. ” in Macromolecular Symposia; 1995; Wiley Online Library.
99. Abenojar, J., Torregrosa-Coque, R., Martínez, M. A., & Martín-Martínez, J. M., “Surface modifications of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer by treatment with atmospheric plasma. ” Surface and Coatings Technology; 2009; 203(16): 2173-2180.
100. Dickens, S.H. and B.H. Cho, “Interpretation of bond failure through conversion and residual solvent measurements and Weibull analyses of flexural and microtensile bond strengths of bonding agents. ” Dental Materials; 2005; 21(4):354-364.
101. Ito, S., Hashimoto, M., Wadgaonkar, B., Svizero, N., Carvalho, R. M., Yiu, C., and Pashley, D. H., “Effects of resin hydrophilicity on water sorption and changes in modulus of elasticity. ” Biomaterials; 2005; 26(33): 6449-6459.
102. Sideridou, I., V. Tserki, and G. “Papanastasiou, Study of water sorption, solubility and modulus of elasticity of light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins. ” Biomaterials; 2003; 24(4): 655-665.
103. Jacobsen, T. and K.-J. Söderholm, “Some effects of water on dentin bonding. ” Dental Materials; 1995; 11(2): 132-136.
104. Cadenaro, M., Breschi, L., Antoniolli, F., Navarra, C. O., Mazzoni, A., Tay, F. R., and Pashley, D. H., “Degree of conversion and permeability of dental adhesives. ” European journal of oral sciences; 2005; 113(6): 525-530.
105. Cadenaro, M., Breschi, L., Antoniolli, F., Navarra, C. O., Mazzoni, A., Tay, F. R., and Pashley, D. H., “Degree of conversion of resin blends in relation to ethanol content and hydrophilicity. ” Dental Materials; 2008; 24(9): 1194-1200.
106. Jung, W. K., Koo, H. C., Kim, K. W., Shin, S., Kim, S. H., & Park, Y. H., “Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. ” Applied and environmental microbiology; 2008; 74(7): 2171-2178.
107. Mao, X., Auer, D. L., Buchalla, W., Hiller, K. A., Maisch, T., Hellwig, E., and Cieplik, F., “Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Mechanism of Action, Antimicrobial Efficacy in Biofilms, and Potential Risks of Resistance. ” Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy; 2020; 64(8): e00576-20.
108. Gilbert, P. and L. “Moore, Cationic antiseptics: diversity of action under a common epithet. ” Journal of applied microbiology;2005; 99(4): 703-715.
109. McDonnell, G. and A.D. Russell, “Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. ” Clinical microbiology reviews; 1999; 12(1): 147-179.
110. McFarland, J., “The nephelometer: an instrument for estimating the number of bacteria in suspensions used for calculating the opsonic index and for vaccines. ” Journal of the American Medical Association;1907; 49(14): 1176-1178.