研究生: |
郭維倫 Wei-lun Kuo |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
不同形貌二氧化鈰粉體應用於氧氣感測器性質之研究 A study on cerium oxide powders with various morphologies applied in oxygen gas sensors |
指導教授: |
施劭儒
Shao-ju Shih |
口試委員: |
陳錦毅
Chin-yi Chen 段維新 none 顏怡文 Yen-yee Wen |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
工程學院 - 材料科學與工程系 Department of Materials Science and Engineering |
論文出版年: | 2013 |
畢業學年度: | 101 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 132 |
中文關鍵詞: | 二氧化鈰 、應答時間 、靈敏度 、形貌 、噴霧熱解法 、比表面積 |
外文關鍵詞: | ceria, response time, sensitivity, morphology, spray pyrolysis, surface area |
相關次數: | 點閱:348 下載:3 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
二氧化鈰基粉體應用於汽車排放系統之氧氣感測器中具有應答時間快、靈敏度高之特性,因此受到廣泛的研究和討論;應答時間由二氧化鈰粉體之比表面積,結晶尺寸所控制,靈敏度則會受到粉體之價數比例(Ce(III)/(Ce(IV))的影響,這些因素與顆粒之形貌有關,因此對於氧氣感測器材料的應用,CeO2形貌的操控是必須且重要的;然而,到目前為止,很少文獻討論不同形貌之二氧化鈰粉體和應答時間、靈敏度之間的關聯性,因此,本研究利用噴霧熱解法製備實心、大孔、鑲嵌、及介孔狀之二氧化鈰粉體,經網印在印有白金電極之氧化鋁基板後,透過500oC、2h將膠體去除並用1200oC、2 h燒結緻密化後形成厚度約5-11 μm的厚膜,量測其應答時間和靈敏度;並以穿透式電子顯微鏡、比表面積分析儀、X光繞射儀、及X射線光電子能譜儀分析二氧化鈰粉體之形貌、比表面積、結晶尺寸、及價數比例。實驗結果顯示,介孔狀之二氧化鈰粉體比表面積最高、結晶尺寸小,則應答時間縮短;而粉體中隨著Ce(III)的比例增加,提升了氧氣感測器之靈敏度。
以SP製程合成鋯摻雜之介孔狀CeO2粉體(Zr-doped ceria, ZDC): 10ZDC、20ZDC、30ZDC、50ZDC(10、20、30、50 mole% Zr doped ceria),經網印在印有白金電極之氧化鋁基板後,探討不同鋯摻雜量對氧分壓感測行為之影響。實驗結果顯示,摻雜鋯會縮短晶格常數,電子移動的距離變短,電阻下降,其中以30ZDC之氧氣感測性質最佳,其具有較低的晶格常數及結晶尺寸,在不同氧分壓下之電阻低,且應答時間最短。
Ceria-based materials have been extensively investigated as oxygen gas sensor in automotive exhaust systems due to their excellent properties of fast response time and superior sensitivity. Since the response time and sensitivity are influenced by the ceria parameters of surface area, crystalline size and cerium valence ratio (Ce(III)/(Ce(IV)), these parameters correlate with their particle morphologies.Therefore, manipulation of particle morphology is urgent and important for application in oxygen gas sensors. However, so far, the studies of varying morphologies to investigate response time and sensitivity for the oxygen gas sensors are scarce. So, the morphologies of mesoporous, porous, core-shell and solid spherical ceria powders were prepared by spray pyrolysis, and screen printed on the alumina substrates with platinum wires. The formation of thick films with 5-11μm thickness undergoes the gel decomposition at 500oC for 5h and sintering at 1200oC for 2h, and measured the properties of response time and sensitivity. The morphology, surface area, crystalline size, and cerium valence ratio were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, BET (Brunauer–Emmer–Teller) method, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The experimental results suggest that higher surface area and smaller crystalline size shorten response time, and higher Ce(III) concentration enhances the sensitivity of oxygen gas sensor.
Mesoporous Zr-doped ceria powders were prepared by spray pyrolysis(10ZDC、20ZDC、30ZDC、50ZDC, 10、20、30、50 mole% Zr doped ceria). And, the resistive oxygen gas sensors based on thick film made from this powder were fabricated. The response time of the thick film were investigated. The experimental results suggest that the lattice constant decrease with increasing ZrO2 concentration. Therefore, the electron hopping distance decrease, and the resistance of thick film decrease. The 30ZDC thick film had a lower latiice constant and crystallite size. Hence, it had lower resistance and a shorter response time. The results showed that 30ZDC thick film exhibited superior oxygen sensing properties.
參考文獻
[1] N. Docquier, S. Candel, Combustion control and sensors: a review, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 28 (2) (2002) 107-150.
[2] C. Peng, Y. Wang, K. Jiang, B.Q. Bin, H.W. Liang, J. Feng, J. Meng, Study on the structure change and oxygen vacation shift for Ce1-xSmxO2-y solid solution, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 349 (1-2) (2003) 273-278.
[3] C. Ying-Yu, R. Schmid, Y.A. Chang, Calculation of the equilibrium phase diagrams and the spinodally decomposed structures of the FeCuNi system, Acta Metallurgica 33 (8) (1985) 1369-1380.
[4] Y. Nagai, T. Yamamoto, T. Tanaka, S. Yoshida, T. Nonaka, T. Okamoto, A. Suda, M. Sugiura, X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of local structure of CeO2–ZrO2 mixed oxides with the same composition ratio (Ce/Zr=1), Catalysis Today 74 (3–4) (2002) 225-234.
[5] F. Dong, A. Suda, T. Tanabe, Y. Nagai, H. Sobukawa, H. Shinjoh, M. Sugiura, C. Descorme, D. Duprez, Dynamic oxygen mobility and a new insight into the role of Zr atoms in three-way catalysts of Pt/CeO2–ZrO2, Catalysis Today 93–95 (0) (2004) 827-832.
[6] N.M. Sammes, Z. Cai, Ionic conductivity of ceria/yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte materials, Solid State Ionics 100 (1–2) (1997) 39-44.
[7] F. Millot, P.D. Mierry, A new method for the study of chemical diffusion in oxides with application to cerium oxide CeO2−x, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46 (7) (1985) 797-801.
[8] A. Kelly, K.M. Knowles, Front Matter, in: Crystallography and Crystal Defects, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012, pp. i-xiv.
[9] H.-I. Chen, H.-Y. Chang, Synthesis of nanocrystalline cerium oxide particles by the precipitation method, Ceramics International 31 (6) (2005) 795-802.
[10] Y. Chen, R. Long, Polishing behavior of PS/CeO2 hybrid microspheres with controlled shell thickness on silicon dioxide CMP, Applied Surface Science 257 (20) (2011) 8679-8685.
[11] U. Hennings, R. Reimert, Investigation of the structure and the redox behavior of gadolinium doped ceria to select a suitable composition for use as catalyst support in the steam reforming of natural gas, Applied Catalysis A: General 325 (1) (2007) 41-49.
[12] M. Sugiura, Oxygen Storage Materials for Automotive Catalysts: Ceria-Zirconia Solid Solutions, Catalysis Surveys from Asia 7 (1) (2003) 77-87.
[13] H. Inaba, H. Tagawa, Ceria-based solid electrolytes, Solid State Ionics 83 (1–2) (1996) 1-16.
[14] H.J. Beie, A. Gnorich, Oxygen gas sensors based on CeO2 thick and thin films, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 4 (3–4) (1991) 393-399.
[15] L. Yin, Y. Wang, G. Pang, Y. Koltypin, A. Gedanken, Sonochemical Synthesis of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles—Effect of Additives and Quantum Size Effect, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 246 (1) (2002) 78-84.
[16] M.Y. Chen, X.T. Zu, X. Xiang, H.L. Zhang, Effects of ion irradiation and annealing on optical and structural properties of CeO2 films on sapphire, Physica B: Condensed Matter 389 (2) (2007) 263-268.
[17] B. Yan, W. Zhao, Wet chemical synthesis of nanometer CeO2 with strong ultraviolet absorption property by in situ assembly of hybrid precursors, Materials Science and Engineering: B 110 (1) (2004) 23-26.
[18] D.S. Lim, J.W. Ahn, H.S. Park, J.H. Shin, The effect of CeO2 abrasive size on dishing and step height reduction of silicon oxide film in STI–CMP, Surface and Coatings Technology 200 (5–6) (2005) 1751-1754.
[19] B.J. Hooper, G. Byrne, S. Galligan, Pad conditioning in chemical mechanical polishing, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 123 (1) (2002) 107-113.
[20] S. Damyanova, J.M.C. Bueno, Effect of CeO2 loading on the surface and catalytic behaviors of CeO2-Al2O3-supported Pt catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General 253 (1) (2003) 135-150.
[21] H.C. Yao, Y.F.Y. Yao, Ceria in automotive exhaust catalysts: I. Oxygen storage, Journal of Catalysis 86 (2) (1984) 254-265.
[22] H. Yokokawa, N. Sakai, T. Horita, K. Yamaji, M.E. Brito, Electrolytes for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells., MRS Bulletin 30 (2005) 591-595.
[23] S.P.S. Badwal, K. Foger, Solid oxide electrolyte fuel cell review, Ceramics International 22 (3) (1996) 257-265.
[24] P. Jasinski, T. Suzuki, H.U. Anderson, Nanocrystalline undoped ceria oxygen sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 95 (1–3) (2003) 73-77.
[25] M. Hirano, T. Miwa, M. Inagaki, Effect of the Presence of Ammonium Peroxodisulfate on the Direct Precipitation of Ceria and Ceria–Zirconia Solid Solutions from Acidic Aqueous Solutions, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (8) (2001) 1728-1732.
[26] K. Kaneko, K. Inoke, B. Freitag, A.B. Hungria, P.A. Midgley, T.W. Hansen, J. Zhang, S. Ohara, T. Adschiri, Structural and Morphological Characterization of Cerium Oxide Nanocrystals Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis, Nano Letters 7 (2) (2007) 421-425.
[27] T. Masui, K. Fujiwara, K.-i. Machida, G.-y. Adachi, T. Sakata, H. Mori, Characterization of Cerium(IV) Oxide Ultrafine Particles Prepared Using Reversed Micelles, Chemistry of Materials 9 (10) (1997) 2197-2204.
[28] L.L. Hench, J.K. West, The sol-gel process, Chemical Reviews 90 (1) (1990) 33-72.
[29] G.L. Messing, S.-C. Zhang, G.V. Jayanthi, Ceramic Powder Synthesis by Spray Pyrolysis, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 76 (11) (1993) 2707-2726.
[30] S. Srivatsan, J.L. Keith, T.D. Reza, M.P. Paranthaman, Reverse micellar synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles, Nanotechnology 16 (9) (2005) 1960.
[31] C.F. Clement, I.J. Ford, Gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere: II. Analytical models of nucleation bursts, Atmospheric Environment 33 (3) (1999) 489-499.
[32] K. Okuyama, Preparation of micro-controlled particles usingaerosol process, Journal of Aerosol Science 22, Supplement 1 (0) (1991) S7-S10.
[33] C.Y. Chen, T.K. Tseng, S.C. Tsai, C.K. Lin, H.M. Lin, Effect of precursor characteristics on zirconia and ceria particle morphology in spray pyrolysis, Ceramics International 34 (2) (2008) 409-416.
[34] H. Kato, T. Kudo, H. Naito, H. Yugami, Electrical conductivity of Al-doped La1-xSrxScO3 perovskite-type oxides as electrolyte materials for low-temperature SOFC, Solid State Ionics 159 (3-4) (2003) 217-222.
[35] H.F. Kraemer, H.F. Johnstone, Collection of Aerosol Particles in Presence of Electrostatic Fields, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 47 (12) (1955) 2426-2434.
[36] S. Liu, P.K. Dasgupta, Automated System for Chemical Analysis of Airborne Particles Based on Corona-Free Electrostatic Collection, Analytical Chemistry 68 (20) (1996) 3638-3644.
[37] C.Y. Cao, Z.M. Cui, C.Q. Chen, W.G. Song, W. Cai, Ceria Hollow Nanospheres Produced by a Template-Free Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method for Heavy Metal Ion Removal and Catalysis, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (21) (2010) 9865-9870.
[38] X. Liang, X. Wang, Y. Zhuang, B. Xu, S. Kuang, Y. Li, Formation of CeO2−ZrO2 Solid Solution Nanocages with Controllable Structures via Kirkendall Effect, Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 (9) (2008) 2736-2737.
[39] Z. Guo, F. Jian, F. Du, A simple method to controlled synthesis of CeO2 hollow microspheres, Scripta Materialia 61 (1) (2009) 48-51.
[40] G. Xiao, S. Li, H. Li, L. Chen, Synthesis of doped ceria with mesoporous flowerlike morphology and its catalytic performance for CO oxidation, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 120 (3) (2009) 426-431.
[41] S. Abdollahzadeh-Ghom, C. Zamani, T. Andreu, M. Epifani, J.R. Morante, Improvement of oxygen storage capacity using mesoporous ceria–zirconia solid solutions, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 108–109 (0) (2011) 32-38.
[42] Y. Chen, J. Lu, Facile fabrication of porous hollow CeO2 microspheres using polystyrene spheres as templates, J Porous Mater 19 (3) (2012) 289-294.
[43] J. Riegel, H. Neumann, H.M. Wiedenmann, Exhaust gas sensors for automotive emission control, Solid State Ionics 152–153 (0) (2002) 783-800.
[44] E. Ivers-Tiffee, K.H. Hardtl, W. Menesklou, J. Riegel, Principles of solid state oxygen sensors for lean combustion gas control, Electrochimica Acta 47 (5) (2001) 807-814.
[45] R. Ramamoorthy, P.K. Dutta, S.A. Akbar, Oxygen sensors: Materials, methods, designs and applications, Journal of Materials Science 38 (21) (2003) 4271-4282.
[46] N. Izu, W. Shin, I. Matsubara, N. Murayama, N. Oh-hori, M. Itou, Temperature independent resistive oxygen sensors using solid electrolyte zirconia as a new temperature compensating material, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 108 (1–2) (2005) 216-222.
[47] T. Takeuchi, Oxygen sensors, Sensors and Actuators 14 (2) (1988) 109-124.
[48] N. Izu, W. Shin, N. Murayama, Fast response of resistive-type oxygen gas sensors based on nano-sized ceria powder, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 93 (1–3) (2003) 449-453.
[49] N. Izu, W. Shin, I. Matsubara, N. Murayama, The effects of the particle size and crystallite size on the response time for resistive oxygen gas sensor using cerium oxide thick film, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 94 (2) (2003) 222-227.
[50] I. Yasuda, K. Ogasawara, M. Hishinuma, Oxygen Tracer Diffusion in Polycrystalline Calcium-Doped Lanthanum Chromites, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (12) (1997) 3009-3012.
[51] C.Y. Chen, C.L. Liu, Doped ceria powders prepared by spray pyrolysis for gas sensing applications, Ceramics International 37 (7) (2011) 2353-2358.
[52] N. Izu, N. Oh-hori, M. Itou, W. Shin, I. Matsubara, N. Murayama, Resistive oxygen gas sensors based on Ce1−xZrxO2 nano powder prepared using new precipitation method, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 108 (1–2) (2005) 238-243.
[53] M. Adamowska, S. Muller, P. Da Costa, A. Krzton, P. Burg, Correlation between the surface properties and deNOx activity of ceria-zirconia catalysts, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 74 (3–4) (2007) 278-289.
[54] H.L. Tuller, A.S. Nowick, Small polaron electron transport in reduced CeO2 single crystals, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 38 (8) (1977) 859-867.
[55] J.C. Yu, L. Zhang, J. Lin, Direct sonochemical preparation of high-surface-area nanoporous ceria and ceria–zirconia solid solutions, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 260 (1) (2003) 240-243.
[56] K. Eguchi, T. Setoguchi, T. Inoue, H. Arai, Electrical properties of ceria-based oxides and their application to solid oxide fuel cells, Solid State Ionics 52 (1–3) (1992) 165-172.
[57] R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, A.K. Tyagi, Combustion synthesis of gadolinia-doped ceria using glycine and urea fuels, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 466 (1–2) (2008) 326-329.
[58] M. Vallet-Regi, F. Balas, M. Colilla, M. Manzano, Bone-regenerative bioceramic implants with drug and protein controlled delivery capability, Progress in Solid State Chemistry 36 (3) (2008) 163-191.
[59] L. Wu, H.J. Wiesmann, A.R. Moodenbaugh, R.F. Klie, Y. Zhu, D.O. Welch, M. Suenaga, Oxidation state and lattice expansion of CeO_{2-x} nanoparticles as a function of particle size, Physical Review B 69 (12) (2004) 125415.
[60] A.Q. Wang, P. Punchaipetch, R.M. Wallace, T.D. Golden, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of electrodeposited nanostructured CeO2 films, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 21 (3) (2003) 1169-1175.
[61] P. Burroughs, A. Hamnett, A.F. Orchard, G. Thornton, Satellite structure in the X-ray photoelectron spectra of some binary and mixed oxides of lanthanum and cerium, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (17) (1976) 1686-1698.
[62] K. Mori, M. Ohashi, K. Osakada, Simulation of microscopic shrinkage behaviour in sintering of powder compact, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 40 (10) (1998) 989-999.
[63] F. Zhang, C.-H. Chen, J.C. Hanson, R.D. Robinson, I.P. Herman, S.-W. Chan, Phases in Ceria–Zirconia Binary Oxide (1−x)CeO2–xZrO2 Nanoparticles: The Effect of Particle Size, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 89 (3) (2006) 1028-1036.
[64] F. Zhang, C.H. Chen, J.M. Raitano, J.C. Hanson, W.A. Caliebe, S. Khalid, S.-W. Chan, Phase stability in ceria-zirconia binary oxide nanoparticles: The effect of the Ce concentration and the redox environment, Journal of Applied Physics 99 (2006) 084313.