積層製造整流器和新型陽極材料的開發和優化應用於微生物燃料電池之規模擴大與抗生素去除

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研究生：	Kavya Dwivedi Kavya
論文名稱：	積層製造整流器和新型陽極材料的開發和優化應用於微生物燃料電池之規模擴大與抗生素去除 DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF ADDI-TIVELY MANUFACTURED FLOW STRAIGHTEN-ERS AND NOVEL ANODE MATERIALS TOWARDS SCALE UP AND ANTIBIOTIC REMOVAL APPLICA-TIONS OF MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
指導教授：	黃崧任 Song-Jeng Huang
口試委員:	王丞浩 Chen-Hao Wang 丘群 Chun Chiu 顏維謀 Wei-Mon Yan 林景崎 Lin, Jing-Chie 王金燦 Chin Tsan Wang 李天錫 Benjamin Lee
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 機械工程系 Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年：	2023
畢業學年度：	111
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	230
中文關鍵詞：	微生物燃料電池、廢水處理、抗生素去除、陽極改性、整流器、綠色能源
外文關鍵詞：	Microbial fuel cell, wastewater treatment, antibiotic removal, anode modification, flow straighteners, green energy
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微生物燃料電池(MFCs)是一種新興的可持續生物電化學技術，現在正在作為解決各種新興環境挑戰的方案，例如污水處理、制藥殘留物清除、遠程感測器的動力設備等。本研究論文旨是在調查微生物燃料電池(MFCs)用於除去合成抗生素藥物Ciprofloxacin(CIP)和Norfloxacin(NFX)以及同時產生電力的性能。研究包括三種不同的實驗。
在第一個實驗中，評估了兩個不同類型陽極的雙腔MFCs，用於除去CIP和化學需氧量(COD)以及產生電力。結果表明，在相同條件下，多層碳纳米管涂層石墨氈(MWCNT-GF)陽極的功率密度(1512.9 mWm-2)和COD去除率(95.4%)比控制石墨氈陽極(816.3 mWm-2，COD去除率93.2%)更高。此外，MFC還測試了四種不同濃度的CIP，平均CIP去除率分別為MWCNT-GF阳极的58.575%和石墨氈陽極的54.25%。 MWCNT-GF陽極更高的表現歸功於它的宏孔結構，可增强電極表面的微生物相互作用。
在第二項實驗中，測試兩種以NiO/MnO2涂層的石墨絨和活性碳布作為基底陽極的雙腔微生物燃料電池（MFCs）的電力效能，以去除廢水中的NFX。 NiO/MnO2涂層是通過兩步水熱法完成的，並透過XRD和XPS分析修正過的電極表面進行了表徵。結果顯示，微生物與修飾過的電極間的細胞外電子轉移明顯改善，因內阻減小和表面更生物相容性。 NiO/MnO2涂層的石墨絨表現比控制簡單石墨絨好1.2倍，而修飾後的活性碳布的表現比控制簡單活性碳布好1.3倍。
在第三個實驗中，製造了兩種新型格架結構作為MFCs中的流量整流器。研究了三種不同的流量（20 mL/min，60 mL/min和100 mL/min）對MFC功率性能的影響。結果顯示，最佳流量60 mL/min在一小時的運行中可以產生最大功率密度（2871.89 mWm-2）、開路電壓（0.8 V）和COD降解率（96.34％）。該研究還利用ANSYS模擬分析了流量的影響，發現過程結構對功率性能有明顯影響，與傳統蜂窩結構（53.28％）和X格架結構（69.31％）相比，提高了混合效率至82.78％。
最後，這項研究證明了MFC在去除合成抗生素藥物和生產電力方面具有潛力。研究結果顯示，使用MWCNT-GF陽極和以NiO/MnO2涂層石墨織物和活性碳布為基底陽極，分別改善了CIP的電力性能和NFX的去除效果。此外，研究還發現，gyroid結構是一種有效的流量直線化劑，可以提高MFC的電力性能。關鍵字：微生物燃料電池、廢水處理、抗生素去除、陽極修飾、流量直線化劑、綠色能源。

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are emerging sustainable bio-electrochemical technology that are now being researched extensively as a solution for various emerging environmental challenges such as wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical residue removal, remote power devices for sensors etc. This research thesis aimed to investigate the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for removal of synthetic antibiotic drugs Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Norfloxacin (NFX) and simultaneous power production. The study consisted of three different experiments.
In the first experiment, the performance of dual-chambered MFCs was evaluated with two different types of anodes for removal of CIP and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and power production. The results showed that the multiwall carbon nanotubes coated graphite felt (MWCNT-GF) anode had higher power density (1512.9 mWm-2) and COD removal (95.4%) compared to the control graphite felt anode (816.3 mWm-2, COD removal 93.2%) under the same conditions. Additionally, the MFC was tested for four different concentrations of CIP, with an average CIP removal rate of 58.575% for the MWCNT-GF anode and 54.25% for the graphite felt anode. The higher performance of the MWCNT-GF anode was attributed to its macro-porous structure, which enhances microbial interaction on the electrode surface.
In the second experiment, the power performance of dual-chamber MFCs with NiO/MnO2 coated graphite felt and activated carbon cloth as base anodes was tested for NFX removal in wastewater. The NiO/MnO2 coating was done using a 2-step hydro solvothermal method, and the modified anode surface was characterized by XRD and XPS analyses. The re-sults showed that extracellular electron transfer between microorganisms and the modified an-ode improved significantly due to a reduced internal resistance and a more biocompatible sur-face. The NiO/MnO2 coated graphite felt performed 1.2 times better than the control plain graphite felt, while the modified activated carbon cloth performed 1.3 times better than the control plain activated carbon cloth.
In the third experiment, two novel lattice structures were additively manufactured to serve as flow straighteners in MFCs. The effects of three different flow rates (20 mL/min, 60 mL/min, and 100 mL/min) on the MFC power performance were investigated. The results showed that an optimal flow rate of 60 mL/min produced the maximum power density (2871.89 mWm-2), open circuit voltage (0.8 V), and COD degradation rate (96.34%) within one hour of operation. The study also analyzed the effect of flow rate using ANSYS simulation and found that the gyroid structure had a prominent effect on the power performance, enhancing the mix-ing efficiency to 82.78% compared to the traditional honeycomb structure (53.28%) and the X lattice structure (69.31%).

    Table of Contents
摘要    i
ABSTRACT    iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT    v
List of Table    4
List of Figures    5
Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION    1
1.    Energy Shift Towards A Renewable Future    2
2.    Microbial Fuel Cell Technology    7
2.1. Microbial Fuel Cell For Antibiotic Removal    9
2.2. Effect Of Flow Channels in Microbial Fuel Cell    11
3.    Research Objectives    12
4.    Thesis Summary    14
Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW    18
1. Overview of Microbial Fuel Cell System    19
1.1. Microbial Fuel Cell Technology    26
1.2. Different Types of MFC Designs    37
2. Different Operating Condition of MFC    40
2.1. Reactor Design    40
2.2. Electrode Spacing    40
2.3. Effect of pH    41
2.4. Effect of the Magnetic Field    42
2.5. Effect of External Resistance    42
2.6. Effect of Cathode Catalysts    43
3. Materials    44
3.1. Electrode Materials    44
3.2. Membrane Material    50
4. Applications of Microbial Fuel Cell Technology    51
4.1. MFC for Wastewater Treatment    52
4.2. Generation of Bio-Electricity    53
4.3. MFC as Underwater Monitoring Devices:    54
4.4. MFC as Biosensor    55
4.5. MFC as Sea Water Desalination:    56
4.6. MFC for Heavy Metal Recovery    57
4.6. MFC for Antibiotic Removal    58
5. Research Questions    63
Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS    70
1. Reactor Construction    71
2. Inoculation and Operation Conditions    73
3. Synthesis of Anodes    74
3.1. Preparation of MWCNT Coated Graphite Felt    74
3.2. Preparation of NiO/MnO2 Coated Graphite Felt    75
4. Design of Lattice Structures    78
5. Microbial Fuel Cell Setup    81
6. Methodology/ Experimentation    83
6.1. Electrochemical Measurements    83
6.2. Analytical Methods    83
6.3. Anode Characterization    84
6.4. Method for Detecting COD Removal and Antibiotic Removal    86
7. Materials for the Lattice Structures    86
7.1. Additive Manufacturing Technology- Multi Jet Fusion (MJF)    87
8. Flow Visualization    90
8.1. Experimental Flow Visualization    90
8.2. Simulation Flow Visualization    91
9. Lists of Chemicals and Instrument    96
Chapter 4: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION, POWER PRODUCTION, COD REMOVAL AND CIP REMOVAL OF MWCNT COATED GF ELECTRODE FOR DUAL CHAMBER MFC    99
1. MWCNT characterization    100
2. MFC-EA Power Performance    102
3. Summary of this chapter    110
Chapter 5 : PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NIOMNO2 COATED GF/ACF ON DUAL CHAMBER MFC ON POWER PRODUCTION, COD REMOVAL AND NFX REMOVAL    112
1.    Electrode characterization    113
2.    Performance analysis of MFC-EB    115
2.1. Power generation    115
2.2. COD and NFX removal    119
3.    Summary of this chapter    122
Chapter 6 : FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THREE DIFFERENT FLOW STRAIGHTENER ON RECIRCULATION MODE DUAL CHAMBER MFC ON POWER PRODUCTION AND COD REMOVAL    123
1. Power Generation    124
1.1. Acclimation Data    124
1.2. Open Circuit Voltage    127
1.3. Power Generation    129
2. COD Removal    133
3. ANSYS Flow Visualization    137
3.1. Geometry Definition and Mesh Generation    137
3.2. Mesh Independence Test    140
3.3. Flow Visualization    142
4. Experimental Flow Visualization    151
4.1. Mixing Efficiency    152
5. Summary of this chapter    153
Chapter 7 : CONCLUSION    155
1. Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Coated Graphite Felt Anode for Efficient Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Domestic Wastewater in Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cells    156
2. Binder-Free NiO/MnO2 Coated Carbon Based Anodes for Simultaneous norfloxacin removal, Wastewater Treatment and Power Generation in Dual-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell    157
3. Performance Analysis of Microbial Fuel Cells Integrated with Additively Manufactured Lattice-based Novel Flow-straightener.    158
4. Contribution of this Research Thesis and Future work    160
References    161
List of journal publications    206
List of conference articles    207


                                

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