奈米科技的發展為生醫領域帶來新革命，自從石墨希成功剝落並且應用於生醫領域，現今有許多二維材料備受矚目，例如:氮化硼、二硫化鉬，特別是層狀二硫化鉬具有獨特的性質。二硫化鉬是由單層二硫化鉬晶體堆疊而成，且層與層之間由較弱的凡得瓦力堆疊，而單層由強共價鍵鍵結過渡金屬(Mo)和硫原子(S)鍵結。二硫化鉬為2H相結晶結構(金屬原子的配位是三棱柱形)，此外二硫化鉬塊材具有能帶間隙為1.29eV(半導體)，因此不適合應用在生醫領域，當二硫化鉬剝層為層狀材料時，能帶間隙提高至1.9 eV，此時有益於生醫應用，且確實已經有些研究將單層、多層和量子點(QD)的二硫化鉬應用於生醫領域。本文包含三個部分: 第一部分為利用巰基乙酸（TGA）作為輔助經由超聲波震盪剝落二硫化鉬，再經由水熱合成法獲得量子點(QD)應用於生醫影像。由TGA改質後的二硫化鉬利用穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)、原子力顯微鏡(AFM)、X-射線繞射分析(XRD)和拉曼光譜(Raman)鑑定特性，結果顯示層狀二硫化鉬的能帶間隙經過改質後大增，由於TGA分子鍵結至二硫化鉬並且減弱層層之間的凡得瓦力鍵。TGA分子不僅作為塊狀二硫化鉬的界面活性劑，而且同時改質表面和增加層狀材料的產量。此外，重金屬二硫化鉬量子點(QD)具有持續發螢光的特性可作為細胞追蹤劑。
第二部分提到使用殼核結構磁性奈米材料作為體內MRI顯影劑，由二硫化鉬和Gd-DTPA chelate合成，並且藉由DTPA anhydride濃度調控控殼核結構的尺寸。gadolinium chelate離子緊密堆積在二硫化鉬殼核結構，所以生物毒性較低，並且可以增加T1鬆弛，由於合成的殼核結構分子相較於商業的gadolinium chelate(magnevist)尺寸較大。體內測試結果顯示奈米殼核結構具有潛在的對比劑特性，特別是在心臟、腎臟和膀胱組織。此外量化的數據中證實膀胱對於殼核結構的清除濾高，因此，所有的結果證實此殼核結構是種很好的顯影劑。
第三部分研究，合成Li-MoS2和半導體單層結構(T-MoS2)，並且進一步證實可增強拉曼光譜訊號。單層Li-MoS2經由掃描式顯微鏡(SEM)、穿透式顯微鏡(TEM)、X-射線繞射分析(XRD)鑑定，以及X射線光電子能譜學(XPS)確認化學成份。此外電化學阻抗譜（EIS)證實單層Li-MoS2相較於其他半導體單層材料具有較佳的電荷轉移性能。羅丹明6G(R6G)在Li-MoS2拉曼散射(SERS)訊號較強，且是在T-MoS2的兩倍，由於R6G均勻分布於Li-MoS2。alkyne與二硫化鉬的硫醇鍵結，然而Li-MoS2與alkyne鍵結程度相較於T-MoS2高，由於Li-MoS2存在較多的電子缺陷，更值得注意的是alkyne在Li-Mos2-Alk邊緣的表面增強拉曼散射(SERS)較中心位置強。Li-MoS2-Alk細胞毒性較低，最後將Li-MoS2-Alk於DiWr細胞測試Raman mapping，這項研究開起了二硫化鉬在生醫領域的應用價值，將來需要更進一步證實SERS的特性。

The rapid development of nanobiotechnology and biomedicine provide some valuable efficient alternatives towards diagnosis and therapy. Layered two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have powerfully gained research attention due to their peculiar and singular properties after successful utilization of graphene into the biomedical application. To date, plenty of layered 2D nanomaterials have been reported, such as graphene and boron nitride (h-BN) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) etc. Particularly, two-dimensional MoS2 (2D MoS2) such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have been investigated for use in a biomedical application. Notably, Transition metal (Mo) and chalcogen (S) atoms in a single-layer of MoS2 NSs interact with each other by strong covalent bonds, while the interlayer interaction is weak van der Waals forces. MoS2 has a 2H phase crystal structure (the coordination of its metal atoms is trigonal prismatic) with the bandgap of ∼1.29 eV, which renders it semi-insulating and therefore not immediately attractive as an imaging candidate for bioimaging application. However, exfoliating into single or few layers would enhance it band gap to 1.9 eV, which is good for energy and biomedical application. Indeed, only a few studies have described a biomedical application of single-, multi-layered MoS2 nanosheets, and quantum dots (QD).
This dissertation is based on the three different research projects: The first projects deal with exfoliation of MoS2 nanosheets by thioglycolic acid (TGA) assisted sonication method followed by hydrothermal treatment to obtained QDs for bioimaging application. The successful functionalization of TGA confirmed by FT-IR, zeta potential, and the synthesized nanosheets and QDs confirmed by TEM, AFM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. The gaps of MoS2 layers were enlarged by the stirring process. Meanwhile, the Vander Waals force between the MoS2 layers was reduced by TGA molecules strongly binding to the defect sites of MoS2. The use of TGA molecules not only act as a surfactant for exfoliation of the bulk of MoS2 but also functionalization in a surface of MoS2 leading to highly concentrated MoS2 nanosheets was produced in water. Subsequently, heavy metal-free MoS2 quantum dots with sustained fluorescence emission, which were obtained from hydrothermal treatment of exfoliated MoS2, can be utilized as cell biomarker.
The second part focused on core-shell magnetic nanomaterials composed of MoS2 and Gadolinium Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic dianhydride chelate (Gd-DTPA chelate) used as promising in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. The size of the synthesized core-shell magnetic nanomaterials could be controlled by varying the DTPA anhydride concentration. The gadolinium chelate functionalized core-shell MoS2 nanomaterials exhibit reduced toxicity due to the tight packing of gadolinium ion into it, and enhanced T1 relaxation owing to its macromolecular sized compared to the commercially available small gadolinium chelate such as magnevist. In vivo MRI of these nanomaterials revealed the potential contrasting property of these core-shell magnetic nanomaterials. Thereby, these core-shell magnetic nanomaterials show an enhanced contrast in heart, kidney, and bladder. In addition, the quantitative signal analysis in bladder clearly confirms the core-shell magnetic nanomaterials have enhanced clearance; it could be identified from its hyperintense signal in a bladder. Therefore, all these data revealed the potentials contrasting property of the synthesized core-shell magnetic nanomaterials could be used as better contrast agents in future.
In the third project, alkyne conjugated metallic (Li- MoS2) and semiconductor (T- MoS2) monolayers were synthesized and investigated its potential surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The synthesized Li-MoS2 monolayers were confirmed through SEM, TEM Raman, XD, and its chemical composition confirmed by the XPS. The as per synthesized Li- MoS2 monolayers has enhanced charge transfer property than semiconductor monolayers. The enhanced charge transfer property confirmed by EIS. The SERS of R6G on Li-MoS2 two times higher than T- MoS2, the R6G uniformly distribution over Li- MoS2 than T- MoS2 followed by its Raman signal enhancement. The synthesized alkyne conjugated on both MoS2 through thiol group. Furthermore, Li- MoS2 has a high number of conjugation than T- MoS2 due to high defects sites presence in the Li- MoS2. Interestingly, highly enhanced alkyne SERS observed in the edge of the Li- MoS2-Alk than in the center of Li- MoS2-Alk. The cytotoxicity of synthesized Li- MoS2-Alk has less toxicity, finally, Raman mapping of synthesized Li- MoS2-Alk was executed in DiWr cells. These findings open a unique way to utilize MoS2 nanomaterials in biomedical application, the further study required to recheck its potential SERS and Raman imaging properties in the near future.

1. J. Key, J. Leary, Nanoparticles for Multimodal in Vivo Imaging in Nanomedicine Int. J. Nanomed. 2014, 9, 711−726.
2. A. Louie, Multimodality Imaging Probes: Design and Challenges Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3146−3195.
3. R. Weissleder, M. Nahrendorf, M. J. Pittet, Imaging Macrophages with Nanoparticles Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 125−138.
4. H. C. Huang, S. Barua, G. Sharma, S. K. Dey, K. Rege, Inorganic Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy J. Controlled Release 2011, 155, 344−357.
5. J. E. Rosen, L. Chan, D.B. Shieh, F. X. Gu, Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Imaging and Diagnostics Nanomedicine 2012, 8, 275−290.
6. A. Vollrath, S. Schubert, U. S. Schubert, Fluorescence Imaging of Cancer Tissue Based on Metal-Free Polymeric Nanoparticles – a Review J. Mater. Chem. B 2013, 1, 1994-2007.
7. H. Chen, D. Sulejmanovic, T. Moore, D. C. Colvin, B. Qi, O. T. Mefford, J. C. Gore, F. Alexis, S. J. Hwu, J. N. Anker, Iron Loaded Magnetic Nanocapsules for pH Triggered Drug Release and MRI Imaging. Chem Mater. 2014, 26, 2105−2112.
8. J. J. Liu, X. L. Zhang, Z. X. Cong, Z. T. Chen, H. H. Yang, G. N. Chen, Glutathione Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots as Selective Fluorescent Probes for Phosphate Containing Metabolites Nanoscale 2013, 5, 1810-1815.
9. F. Mouffouk, T. Simao, D. F. Dornelles, A. D. Lopes, P. Sau, J. Martins, K. M. Abu-Salah, S. A. Alrokayan, A. M. Rosa da Costa, N. R. dos Santos, Self-Assembled Polymeric Nanoparticles as New, Smart Contrast Agents for Cancer Early Detection Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 63−76.
10. B. Zheng, T. Vazin, P. W. Goodwill, A. Conway, A. Verma, E. U. Saritas, D. Schaffer, S. M. Conolly, Magnetic Particle Imaging Tracks the Long-Term Fate of in Vivo Neural Cell Implants with High Image Contrast Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 14055.
11. E. Phillips, O. Penate-Medina, P. B. Zanzonico, R. D. Carvajal, P. Mohan, Y. Ye, J. Humm, M. Gönen, H. Kalaigian, H. Schöder, Clinical Translation of an Ultrasmall Inorganic Optical-PET Imaging Nanoparticle Probe Sci. Transl. Med. 2014, 6, 260ra149.
12. V. Wagner, A. Dullaart, A. K. Bock and A. Zweck, The emerging nanomedicine landscape Nat. Biotechnol., 2006, 24, 1211–1217.
13. C. E. Ashley, E. C. Carnes, G. K. Phillips, D. Padilla, P. N. Durfee, P. A. Brown, T. N. Hanna, J. W. Liu, B. Phillips, M. B. Carter, N. J. Carroll, X. M. Jiang, D. R. Dunphy, C. L. Willman, D. N. Petsev, D. G. Evans, A. N. Parikh, B. Chackerian, W. Wharton, D. S. Peabody and C. J. Brinker, The targeted delivery of multicomponent cargos to cancer cells by nanoporous particle-supported lipid bilayers Nat. Mater., 2011, 10, 389–397.
14. D. Peer, J. M. Karp, S. Hong, O. C. FaroKhzad, R. Margalit and R. Langer, Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy Nat. Nanotechnol., 2007, 2, 751–760.
15. R. K. Jain and T. Stylianopoulos, Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 7, 653–664.
16. M. Ferrari, Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2005, 5, 161–171.
17. Y. Chen, H. Chen, J. Shi, Inorganic Nanoparticle-Based Drug Codelivery Nanosystems To Overcome the Multidrug Resistance of Cancer Cells Mol. Pharmacol., 2014, 11, 2495–2510.
18. Y. Geng, P. Dalhaimer, S. S. Cai, R. Tsai, M. Tewari, T. Minko and D. E. Discher, Shape effects of filaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery Nat. Nanotechnol., 2007, 2, 249–255.
19. T. Yu, D. Hubbard, A. Ray and H. Ghandehari, In Vivo Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of Silica Nanoparticles as a Function of Geometry, Porosity and Surface Characteristics J. Controlled Release, 2012, 163, 46–54.
20. X. L. Huang, L. L. Li, T. L. Liu, N. J. Hao, H. Y. Liu, D. Chen and F. Q. Tang, The Shape Effect of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles on Biodistribution, Clearance, and Biocompatibility in Vivo ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 5390–5399.
21. T. Yu, K. Greish, L. D. McGill, A. Ray and H. Ghandehari, Influence of geometry, porosity, and surface characteristics of silica nanoparticles on acute toxicity: their vasculature effect and tolerance threshold ACS Nano, 2012, 6, 2289 2301.
22. Z. Liu, X. M. Sun, N. Nakayama-Ratchford and H. J. Dai, Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery ACS Nano, 2007, 1, 50–56.
23. Y. H. Bai, Y. Zhang, J. P. Zhang, Q. X. Mu, W. D. Zhang, E. R. Butch, S. E. Snyder and B. Yan, Repeated carbon nanotube administrations in male mice cause reversible testis damage without affecting fertility Nat. Nanotechnol., 2010, 5, 683–689.
24. F. Peng, Y. Su, X. Wei, Y. Lu, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhong, S.-T. Lee and Y. He, Silicon Nanowire-Based Nanocarriers with Ultrahigh Drug-Loading Capacity for In Vitro and In Vivo Cancer Therapy Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 1457–1461.
25. Y. Piao, J. Kim, H. Bin Na, D. Kim, J. S. Baek, M. K. Ko, J. H. Lee, M. Shokouhimehr and T. Hyeon, Wrap-bake-peel process for nanostructural transformation from beta FeOOH nanorods to biocompatible iron oxide nanocapsules Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 242 247.
26. Y. Chen, H. R. Chen, S. J. Zhang, F. Chen, L. X. Zhang, J. M. Zhang, M. Zhu, H. X. Wu, L. M. Guo, J. W. Feng and J. L. Shi, Multifunctional Mesoporous Nanoellipsoids for Biological Bimodal Imaging and Magnetically Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 270–278.
27. M. S. Yavuz, Y. Y. Cheng, J. Y. Chen, C. M. Cobley, Q. Zhang, M. Rycenga, J. W. Xie, C. Kim, K. H. Song, A. G. Schwartz, L. H. V. Wang and Y. N. Xia, Gold nanocages covered by smart polymers for controlled release with near-infrared light Nat. Mater., 2009, 8, 935–939.
28. S. E. Skrabalak, J. Y. Chen, Y. G. Sun, X. M. Lu, L. Au, C. M. Cobley and Y. N. Xia, Gold Nanocages: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41, 1587–1595.
29. Y. Chen, P. Xu, M. Wu, Q. Meng, H. Chen, Z. Shu, J. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Li and J. Shi, Colloidal RBC-Shaped, Hydrophilic, and Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanocapsules for Highly Efficient Biomedical Engineering Adv. Mater., 2014, 26, 4294–4301.
30. Y. Chen, H. Chen and J. Shi, Nano biotechnology Promotes Noninvasive High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Cancer Surgery Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2014, 4, 158-165.
31. Y. Chen, H. Chen and J. Shi, In Vivo Bio-Safety Evaluations and Diagnostic/Therapeutic Applications of Chemically Designed Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Adv. Mater., 2013, 25, 3144–3176.
32. Y. Chen, H. R. Chen, L. M. Guo, Q. J. He, F. Chen, J. Zhou, J. W. Feng and J. L. Shi, Hollow/Rattle-Type Mesoporous Nanostructures by a Structural Difference-Based Selective Etching Strategy ACS Nano, 2010, 4, 529–539.
33. Y. Chen, H. R. Chen and J. L. Shi, Construction of Homogenous/Heterogeneous Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanostructures by Silica-Etching Chemistry: Principles, Synthesis, and Applications Acc. Chem. Res., 2014, 47, 125–137.
34. Z. X. Li, J. C. Barnes, A. Bosoy, J. F. Stoddart and J. I. Zink, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 2590–2605.
35. P. P. Yang, S. L. Gai and J. Lin, Functionalized mesoporous silica materials for controlled drug delivery Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 3679–3698.
36. J. E. Lee, N. Lee, T. Kim, J. Kim and T. Hyeon, Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposite Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications Acc. Chem. Res., 2011, 44, 893–902.
37. Y. Chen, P. F. Xu, H. R. Chen, Y. S. Li, W. B. Bu, Z. Shu, Y. P. Li, J. M. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, L. M. Pan, X. Z. Cui, Z. L. Hua, J. Wang, L. L. Zhang and J. L. Shi, Colloidal HPMO Nanoparticles: Silica-Etching Chemistry Tailoring, Topological Transformation, and Nano-Biomedical Applications.Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 3100–3105.
38. Q. H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, M. S. Strano, Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 699-712.
39. M. Chhowalla, H. S. Shin, G. Eda, L. J. Li, K. P. Loh, H. Zhang, The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets Nat. Chem. 2013, 5, 263-275.
40. X. Huang, Z. Zeng, H. Zhang, Metal dichalcogenide nanosheets: preparation, properties and applications Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 1934-1946.
41. K. F. Mak, J. Shan, Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides Nat. Photonics 2016, 10, 216-226.
42. R. Lv, J. A. Robinson, R. E. Schaak, D. Sun, Y. Sun, T. E. Mallouk, M. Terrones, Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Beyond: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Single- and Few-Layer Nanosheets Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 56-64.
43. K. Kalantar-zadeh, J. Z. Ou, T. Daeneke, M. S. Strano, M. Pumera, S. L. Gras, Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in Biosystems Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 5086-5099.
44. H. Zhang, Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials ACS Nano 2015, 9, 9451-9469.
45. X. Huang, C. Tan, Z. Yin, H. Zhang, Hybrid Nanostructures Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2185-2204.
46. C. Tan, H. Zhang, Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheet-based composites Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2713-2731.
47. S. Z. Butler, S. M. Hollen, L. Cao, Y. Cui, J. A. Gupta, H. R. Gutierrez, T. F. Heinz, S. S. Hong, J. Huang, A. F. Ismach, E. Johnston-Halperin, M. Kuno, V. V. Plashnitsa, R. D. Robinson, R. S. Ruoff, S. Salahuddin, J. Shan, L. Shi, M. G. Spencer, M. Terrones, W. Windl, J. E. Goldberger, Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Two-Dimensional Materials Beyond Graphene ACS Nano 2013, 7, 2898-2926.
48. Y. Li, H. Wang, L. Xie, Y. Liang, G. Hong, H. Dai. MoS2 Nanoparticles Grown on Graphene: An Advanced Catalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction J. Am.Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 7296-7299.
49. B. Radisavljevic, A. Radenovic, J. Brivio, V. Giacometti, A. Kis, Single-layer MoS2 transistors Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 147-150.
50. G. Eda, H. Yamaguchi, D. Voiry, T. Fujita, M. Chen, M. Chhowalla, Photoluminescence from Chemically Exfoliated MoS2 Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 5111-5116.
51. H. Zhang, K. P. Loh, C. H. Sow, H. Gu, X. Su, C. Huang, Z. K. Chen, Surface Modification Studies of Edge-Oriented Molybdenum Sulfide Nanosheets Langmuir 2004, 20, 6914-6920.
52. K.K. Liu, W. Zhang, Y.H. Lee, Y.C. Lin, M.T. Chang, C.Y. Su, C.S. Chang, H. Li, Y. Shi, H. Zhang, C.S. Lai, L.J. Li, Growth of Large-Area and Highly Crystalline MoS2 Thin Layers on Insulating Substrates Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 1538-1544.
53. W.M. Heckl, D.P.E. Smith, G. Binnig, H. Klagges, T. W. Hansch, J. Maddocks, Two-dimensional ordering of the DNA base guanine observed by scanning tunneling microscop, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991, 88, 8003-8005.
54. S.S. Chou, M. De, J. Kim, S. Byun, C. Dykstra, J. Yu, J. Huang, V. P. Dravid, Ligand conjugation of chemically exfoliated MoS2 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 4584–4587.
55. K. S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T. J. Booth, V. V. Khotkevich, S. V. Morozov and A. K. Geim, Two-dimensional atomic crystals Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2005, 102, 10451–10453.
56. S. Lai, J. Jeon, Y.J Song, S. Lee, Water-penetration-assisted mechanical transfer of large-scale molybdenum disulfide onto arbitrary Substrates RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 57497
57. K. F. Mak, C. Lee, J. Hone, J. Shan, T. F. Heinz, Atomically Thin MoS2: A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 105, 136805
58. J. N. Coleman, M. Lotya, A. O’Neill, S. D. Bergin, P. J. King, U. Khan, K. Young, A. Gaucher, S. De, R. J. Smith, I. V. Shvets, S. K. Arora, G. Stanton, H. Y. Kim, K. Lee, G. T. Kim, G. S. Duesberg, T. Hallam, J. J. Boland, J. J. Wang, J. F. Donegan, J. C. Grunlan, G. Moriarty, A. Shmeliov, R. J. Nicholls, J. M. Perkins, E. M. Grieveson, K. Theuwissen, D. W. McComb, P. D. Nellist and V. Nicolosi, Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials Science, 2011,331, 568–571.
59. R. J. Smith, P. J. King, M. Lotya, C. Wirtz, U. Khan, S. De, A. O’Neill, G. S. Duesberg, J. C. Grunlan, G. Moriarty, J. Chen, J. Wang, A. I. Minett, V. Nicolosi and J. N. Coleman, Large-Scale Exfoliation of Inorganic Layered Compounds in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions Adv. Mater., 2011, 23, 3944–3948.
60. Z. Zeng, Z. Yin, X. Huang, H. Li, Q. He, G. Lu, F. Boey, H. Zhang, Single-Layer Semiconducting Nanosheets: High-Yield Preparation and Device Fabrication Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 11093-11097.
61. H. Matte, A. Gomathi, A. K. Manna, D. J. Late, R. Datta, S. K. Pati and C. N. R. Rao, MoS2 and WS2 Analogues of Graphene Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 4059–4062.
62. D. Dumcenco, D. Ovchinnikov, K. Marinov, P. Lazić, M. Gibertini, N. Marzari, O. L. Sanchez, Y. C.Kung†, D. Krasnozhon, M.W.Chen, S. Bertolazzi, P. Gillet, A. F. Morral, A. Radenovic, A. Kis. Large-Area Epitaxial Monolayer MoS2 ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 4611–4620.
63. L. Samad, S. M. Bladow, Q. Ding, J. Zhuo, R. M. Jacobberger, M. S. Arnold, S. Jin. Layer-Controlled Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of MoS2 Vertical Heterostructures via van der Waals Epitaxy ACS Nano, 2016, 10, 7039–7046.
64. T. J. Mason, J. Phillip, Applied Sonochemistry: Uses of Power Ultrasound in Chemistry and Processing Applied Sonochemistry Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim , 2002.
65. H. Li, Z. Yin, Q. He, H. Li, X. Huang, G. Lu, D. W. Fam, A. I. Tok, Q. Zhang, H. Zhang, Fabrication of Single- and Multilayer MoS2 Film-Based Field-Effect Transistors for Sensing NO at Room Temperature Small 2012, 8, 63-67.
66. D. Sarkar, W. Liu, X. Xie, A. C. Anselmo, S. Mitragotri, K. Banerjee, MoS2 Field-Effect Transistor for Next-Generation Label-Free Biosensors ACS Nano 2014, 8, 3992-4003.
67. B. Radisavljevic, M. B. Whitwick, A. Kis, Integrated Circuits and Logic Operations Based on Single-Layer MoS2 ACS Nano 2011, 5, 9934-9938.
68. Z. Zeng, T. Sun, J. Zhu, X. Huang, Z. Yin, G. Lu, Z. Fan, Q. Yan,
H. H. Hng, H. Zhang, An Effective Method for the Fabrication of Few-Layer-Thick Inorganic Nanosheets Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 9052-9056.
69. J. H. Bang, K. S. Suslick, Applications of Ultrasound to the Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 1039-1059.
70. G. Cunningham, M. Lotya, C. S. Cucinotta, S. Sanvito, S. D. Bergin, R. Menzel, M. S. Shaffer, J. N. Coleman, Solvent Exfoliation of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Dispersibility of Exfoliated Nanosheets Varies Only Weakly between Compounds ACS Nano 2012, 6, 3468-3480.
71. A. O’Neill, U. Khan, J. N. Coleman, Preparation of High Concentration Dispersions of Exfoliated MoS2 with Increased Flake Size Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 2414-2421.
72. K. G. Zhou, N. N. Mao, H. X. Wang, Y. Peng, H. L. Zhang, A Mixed-Solvent Strategy for Efficient Exfoliation of Inorganic Graphene Analogues Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 10839-10842.
73. E. Satheeshkumar, A. Bandyopadhyay, M. B. Sreedhara, S. K. Pati, C. N. R. Rao, M. Yoshimura, One-Step Simultaneous Exfoliation and Covalent Functionalization of MoS2 by Amino Acid Induced Solution Processes ChemNanoMat, 2017, 3, 172-177.
74. V. Nicolosi, M. Chhowalla, M. G. Kanatzidis, M. S. Strano, J. N. Coleman, Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials Science, 2011, 334, 72- 75.
75. Y. H. Lee, X. Q. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, M. T. Chang, C. T. Lin, K. D. Chang, Y. C. Yu, J. T. W. Wang, C. S. Chang, L. J. Li and T. W. Lin, Synthesis of Large-Area MoS2 Atomic Layers with Chemical Vapor Deposition Adv. Mater., 2012, 24, 2320–2325.
76. Y. J. Zhan, Z. Liu, S. Najmaei, P. M. Ajayan and J. Lou, Large-Area Vapor-Phase Growth and Characterization of MoS2 Atomic Layers on a SiO2 Substrate Small, 2012, 8, 966–971.
77. B. L. Cushing, V. L. Kolesnichenko, C. J. O’Connor, Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 3893-3946.
78. C. Altavilla, M. Sarno, P. Ciambelli, A Novel Wet Chemistry Approach for the Synthesis of Hybrid 2D Free-Floating Single or Multilayer Nanosheets of MS2@oleylamine (M═Mo, W) Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 3879-3885.
79. V. Stengl, J. Henych, Strongly luminescent monolayered MoS2 prepared by effective ultrasound exfoliation Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 3387-3394.
80. H. D. Ha, D. J. Han, J. S. Choi, M. Park, T. S. Seo. Dual Role of Blue Luminescent MoS 2 Quantum Dots in Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Phenomenon Small, 2014, 10, 3858–3862.
81. I. L. Medintz, H. T. Uyeda, E. R. Goldman, H. Mattoussi, Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 435-446.
82. De. M. Rana, H. Akpinar, O. R. Miranda, R. R. Arvizo, U. H. F. Bunz, V. M. Rotello, Sensing of proteins in human serum using conjugates of nanoparticles and green fluorescent protein Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 461-465.
83. G. Han, P. Ghosh, V.M. Rotello, Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery Nanomedicine, 2009, 2, 113-123.
84. Jaramillo, T. F.; Jørgensen, K. P.; Bonde, J.; Nielsen, J. H.; Horch, S.; Chorkendorff, I. Identification of Active Edge Sites for Electrochemical H2 Evolution from MoS2 Nanocatalysts Science 2007, 317, 100-102.
85. O. R. Miranda, H. T. Chen, C. You, D. E. Mortenson, X. C. Yang, U. H. F. Bunz, V. M. Rotello, Enzyme-Amplified Array Sensing of Proteins in Solution and in Biofluids J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5285-89.
86. J.S. Lee, P. A. Ulmann, M. S. Han, C. A. Mirkin, A DNA−Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Competition Assay for the Detection of Cysteine Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 529-533.
87. X. Chen, N. C. Berner, C. Backes, G. S. Duesberg, A. R. McDonald. Functionalization of Two-Dimensional MoS2: On the Reaction Between MoS2 and Organic Thiols Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 5803-5808.
88. D. Voiry, A. Goswami, R. Kappera1, C. C. C. e. Silva, D. Kaplan, T. Fujita, M. Chen, T. Asefa, M. Chhowalla1, Covalent functionalization of monolayered transition metal dichalcogenides by phase engineering Nat. Chem. 2015, 7, 45–49.
89. L. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Wong, T. Palacios, J. Kong, H. Y. Yang. Functionalized MoS2 Nanosheet Based Field-Effect Biosensor for Label-Free Sensitive Detection of Cancer Marker Proteins in Solution Small, 2014, 10 1101–1105
90. A. H Loo, A. Bonanni, A. Ambrosi, M. Pumera, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes as inherently electroactive labels for DNA hybridization detection Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 11971-11975.
91. X. Wang, F. Nan, J. Zhao, T. Yang, T. Ge, K. Jiao. A Label-Free Ultrasensitive Electrochemical DNA Sensor Based on Thin-Layer MoS2 Nanosheets With High Electrochemical Activity Biosens. Bioelectron. 2015, 64, 386–391
92. A.B. Farimani, K. Min, N. R. Aluru, DNA Base Detection Using a Single-Layer MoS2 ACS Nano, 2014, 8, 7914–7922.
93. Q. Liu, C. Hub, X. Wang A facile one-step method to produce MoS2 quantum dots as promising bio-imaging materials RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 25605-25610.
94. W. Feng, L. Chen, M. Qin, X. Zhou, Q. Zhang, Y. Miao, K. Qiu, Y. Zhang, C. He, Flower-like PEGylated MoS2 nanoflakes for near-infrared photothermal cancer therapy Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 17422;.
95. H. Dong, S. Tang, Y. Hao, H. Yu, W. Dai, G. Zhao, Y. Cao, H. Lu, X. Zhang, H. Ju. Fluorescent MoS2 Quantum Dots: Ultrasonic Preparation, UpConversion and Down-Conversion Bioimaging, and Photodynamic Therapy ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2016, 8, 3107-3114.
96. J. Lee, J. Kim, W. J. Kim. Photothermally Controllable Cytosolic Drug Delivery Based On Core−Shell MoS2 Porous Silica Nanoplates Chem. Mater, 2016, 28, 6417-6424.
97. T. Liu, C. Wang, X. Gu, H. Gong, L. Cheng, X. Shi, L. Feng, B. Sun, Z. Liu, Drug Delivery with PEGylated MoS2 Nano-sheets for Combined Photothermal and Chemotherapy of Cancer Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 3433–3440.
98. H. Wu, R. Yang, B. Song, Q. Han, J. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Fang, R. Tenne, C. Wang, Biocompatible Inorganic Fullerene Like Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticles Produced by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Water ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 1276-1281.
99. P. Shah, T. N. Narayanan, C. Z. Li, S. Alwarappan, Probing the biocompatibility of MoS2 nanosheets by cytotoxicity assay and electrical impedance spectroscopy Nanotechnology 26 (2015) 315102 (7pp).
100. K. O'Neill, D. Fairbairn, M. Smith and B. Poe, Critical parameters influencing hyperthermia-induced apoptosis in human lymphoid cell lines Apoptosis, 1998, 3, 369–375.
101. D. E. Dolmans, D. Fukumura and R. K. Jain, Photodynamic therapy for cancer Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2003, 3, 380–387.
102. R. K. Pandey, Recent advances in photodynamic therapy J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines. 2000, 4, 368–373.
103. M. Yin, Z. Li, Z. Liu, J. Ren, X. Yang and X. Qu, Photosensitizer-incorporated G-quadruplex DNA-functionalized magnetofluorescent nanoparticles for targeted magnetic resonance/ fluorescence multimodal imaging and subsequent photodynamic therapy of cancer Chem. Commun, 2012, 48, 6556–6558.
104. C. Chen, L. Zhou, J. Geng, J. Ren and X. Qu, Photosensitizer-Incorporated Quadruplex DNA-Gated Nanovechicles for Light-Triggered, Targeted Dual Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells Small, 2013, 9, 2793–2800.
105. S. S. Chou, B. Kaehr, J. Kim, B. M. Foley, M. De,
P. E. Hopkins, J. Huang, C. J. Brinker, V. P. Dravid, Chemically Exfoliated MoS2 as Near-Infrared Photothermal Agents Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 4160-4164.
106. J. T. Robinson, S. M. Tabakman, Y. Liang, H. Wang, H. Sanchez Casalongue, D. Vinh, H. Dai, Ultrasmall Reduced Graphene Oxide with High Near-Infrared Absorbance for Photothermal Therapy J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 6825-6831.
107. M. De, S. S. Chou, V. P. Dravid, Graphene Oxide as an Enzyme Inhibitor: Modulation of Activity of α-Chymotrypsin J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 17524-17527.
108. W. Yin, L. Yan, J. Yu, G. Tian, L. Zhou, X. Zheng, X. Zhang, Y. Yong, J. Li, Z. Gu, Y. Zhao, High-Throughput Synthesis of Single Layer MoS2 Nanosheets as a Near Infrared Photothermal Triggered Drug Delivery for Effective Cancer Therapy ACS Nano, 2014, 8, 6922-6933.
109. T. Liu, C. Wang, W. Cui, H. Gong, C. Liang, X. Shi, Z. Li,
B. Sun, Z. Liu, Combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy delivered by PEGylated MoS2 nanosheets Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 11219-11225.
110. K. Yang , S. Zhang , G. Zhang , X. Sun , S. T. Lee , Z. Liu , Graphene in Mice: Ultrahigh In Vivo Tumor Uptake and Efficient Photothermal Therapy Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3318-3323.
111. J. Kim, H. Kim, W. J. Kim, Single-Layered MoS2–PEI–PEG NanocompositeMediated Gene Delivery Controlled by Photo and Redox Stimuli Small 2016, 12, 1184-1192.
112. Q. Chen, C. Liang, X. Wang, J. He, Y. Li, Z. Liu, An Albumin Based Theranostic Nano Agent for Dual-Modal Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy to Inhibit Lymphatic Metastasis of Cancer Post Surgery Biomaterials 2014, 35, 9355–9362.
113. H. Gong, Z. Dong, Y. Liu, S. Yin, L. Cheng, W. Xi, J. Xiang, K. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Liu, Engineering of Multifunctional NanoMicelles for Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy under the Guidance of Multimodal Imaging Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 6492–6502.
114. X. Ma, H. Tao, K. Yang, L. Feng, L. Cheng, X. Shi, Y. Li, L. Guo, Z. Liu, A Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Iron Oxide Nanocomposite for Magnetically Targeted Drug Delivery, Photothermal Therapy, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nano Res. 2012, 5, 199–212.
115. M. S. Judenhofer, H. F. Wehrl, D. F. Newport, C. Catana, S. B. Siegel, M. Becker, A. Thielscher, M. Kneilling, M. P. Lichy, M. Eichner, Simultaneous PET-MRI: A New Approach for Functional and Morphological Imaging Nat. Med. 2008, 14, 459–465.
116. J. Kim, Y. Piao, T. Hyeon, Multifunctional Nanostructured Materials for Multimodal Imaging, and Simultaneous Imaging and Therapy Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 372–390.
117. C. Qin, K. Cheng, K. Chen, X. Hu, Y. Liu, X. Lan, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, Y. Xu, L. Bu, Tyrosinase as a Multifunctional Reporter Gene for Photoacoustic/MRI/PET Triple Modality Molecular Imaging Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1490.
118. H. Chen, D. Wang, G. W. Tang, T. Todd, Z. Zhen, C. Tsang, K. Hekmatyar, T. Cowger, R. B. Hubbard, W. Zhang, Gd-Encapsulated Carbonaceous Dots with Efficient Renal Clearance for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6761–6766.
119. Y. Zhang, M. Jeon, L. J. Rich, H. Hong, J. Geng, Y. Zhang, S. Shi, T. E. Barnhart, P. Alexandridis, J. D Huizinga, NonInvasive Multimodal Functional Imaging of the Intestine with Frozen Micellar Naphthalocyanines Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 631–638.
120. B. Sumer, J. Gao, Theranostic Nanomedicine for Cancer Future Med. 2008, 3, 137–140.
121. Y. Liu, J.-J. Yin, Z. Nie, Harnessing The Collective Properties of Nanoparticle Ensembles for Cancer Theranostics Nano Res. 2014, 1–12.
122. J. Xie, S. Lee, X. Chen, Nanoparticle-Based Theranostic Agents Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2010, 62, 1064–1079.
123. I. Milosevic, L. Motte, M.-L. Saboungi, B. Aoun, T. Li, C. Sun, Y. Ren, Superparamagnetic Nanoplatforms for Theragnostic Applications: A Structural Investigation Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 2014, 59, 1.
124. N. S. Arul, V. D. Nithya, Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots: synthesis and applications RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 65670–65682.
125. Z.-C. Yang, M. Wang, A. M. Yong, S. Y. Wong, X. H. Zhang, H. Tan , A. Y. Chang , X. Li , J. Wang , Intrinsically fluorescent carbon dots with tunable emission derived from hydrothermal treatment of glucose in the presence of monopotassium phosphate Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 11615-11617.
126. Y. Yang , J. Cui , M. Zheng , C. Hu , S. Tan , Y. Xiao , Q. Yang , Y. Liu, One-step synthesis of amino-functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by hydrothermal carbonization of chitosan Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 380-382.
127. H. Lin, C. Wang, J. Wu, Z. Xu, Y. Huang, C. Zhang, Colloidal synthesis of MoS2 quantum dots: size-dependent tunable photoluminescence and bioimaging New J. Chem., 2015, 39, 8492-8497.
128. S. Xu, D. Li0, P. Wu, One-Pot, Facile, and Versatile Synthesis of Monolayer MoS2/WS2 Quantum Dots as Bioimaging Probes and Efficient Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 1127-1136.
129. K. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Z. Xia and W. Wei, As-prepared MoS2 quantum dot as a facile fluorescent probe for long-term tracing of live cells Nanotechnology, 2016, 27, 275101-275108.
130. Q. Liu, C. Hub, X. Wang, A facile one-step method to produce MoS2 quantum dots as promising bio-imaging materials RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 25605-25610.
131. W. Dai, H. Dong, B. Fugetsu, Y. Cao, H. Lu, X. Ma, X. Zhang, Tunable Fabrication of Molybdenum Disulfide Quantum Dots for Intracellular MicroRNA Detection and Multiphoton Bioimaging small 2015, 11, No. 33, 4158–4164.
132. N. A. Frey, S. Peng, K. Cheng, S. Sun, Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications in Bioimaging and Magnetic Energy Storage Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 2532-2542.
133. P. Caravan, Protein-Targeted Gadolinium-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agents: Design and Mechanism of Action Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 851–862.
134. C. Qin, K. Cheng, K. Chen, X. Hu, Y. Liu, X. Lan, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, Y. Xu, L. Bu, X. Su, X. Zhu, S. Meng, Z. Cheng, Tyrosinase as a Multifunctional Reporter Gene for Photoacoustic/MRI/PET Triple Modality Molecular Imaging Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1-8.
135. H. B. Na, I. C. Song, T. Hyeon, Inorganic Nanoparticles for MRI Contrast Agents Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2133–2148.
136. S. H. Lee, B. H. Kim, H. B. Na, T. Hyeon, Paramagnetic Inorganic Nanoparticles as T1MRI Contrast Agents Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2014, 6, 196-209.
137. J. L. Steinbacher, S. A. Lathrop, K. Cheng, J. M. Hillegass, K. J. Butnor, R. A. Kauppinen, B. T. Mossman, C. C. Landry, Gd-Labeled Microparticles in MRI: In Vivo Imaging of Microparticles after Intraperitoneal Injection Small 2010, 6, 2678–2682.
138. T. Courant, V. G. Roullin, C. Cadiou, M. Callewaert, M. C. Andry, C. Portefaix, C. Hoeffel, M. C. de Goltstein, M. Port, S. Laurent, L. V. Elst, R. Muller, M. Molinari, F. Chuburu, Hydrogels Incorporating GdDOTA: Towards Highly Efficient Dual T1/T2MRI Contrast Agents Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 9119-9122.
139. T. Liu, S. Shi, C. Liang, S. Shen, L. Cheng, C. Wang, X. Song, S. Goel, T. E. Barnhart, W. Cai, Z. Liu Iron Oxide Decorated MoS2 Nanosheets with Double PEGylation for Chelator-Free Radiolabeling and Multimodal Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 950–960.
140. J. Yu, W. Yin, X. Zheng, G. Tian, X. Zhang, T. Bao, X. Dong, Z. Wang, Z. Gu, X. Ma, Y. Zhao, Smart MoS2/Fe3O4 Nanotheranostic for Magnetically Targeted Photothermal Therapy Guided by Magnetic Resonance/Photoacoustic Imaging Theranostics 2015, 5, 931-945.
141. J. R. Ferraro, Introductory Raman Spectroscopy Academic Press: New York, 2003.
142. G. C. Schatz, M. A. Young, R. P. V. Duyne, In Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering, Kneipp, K., Moskovits, M., Kneipp, H., Eds.; Topics in Applied Physics; Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, 2006, 19-45.
143. D.Y. Wu, X. M. Liu, S. Duan, X. Xu, B. Ren, S.H. Lin, Z.-Q. Tian, Chemical Enhancement Effects in SERS Spectra:  A Quantum Chemical Study of Pyridine Interacting with Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum Metals J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 4195−4204.
144. H. Yamada, H. Nagata, K. Toba, Y. Nakao, Charge-transfer band and sers mechanism for the pyridine-Ag system, Surf. Sci. 1987, 182, 269-286.
145. M. M. Maitani, D. A. A. Li, Z. Ohlberg, , D. L. D. R. AllaraStewart, R. S. Williams, Study of SERS Chemical Enhancement Factors Using Buffer Layer Assisted Growth of Metal Nanoparticles on Self-Assembled Monolayers J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6310-6311.
146. A. Otto, The ‘chemical’ (electronic) contribution to surface-enhanced Raman scattering J. Raman Spectrosc. 2005, 36, 497-509.
147. W. Xu, X. Ling, J. Xiao, M. S. Dresselhaus, J. Kong, H. Xu, Z. Liu, J. Zhang, Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on a flat graphene surface Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109, 9281-9286.
148. A. Musumeci, D. Gosztola, T. Schiller, N. M. Dimitrijevic, V. Mujica, D. Martin, T. Rajh, SERS of Semiconducting Nanoparticles (TiO2 Hybrid Composites) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6040-6041.
149. Z. Sun, C. Wang, J. Yang, B. Zhao, J. R. Lombardi, Nanoparticle Metal−Semiconductor Charge Transfer in ZnO/PATP/Ag Assemblies by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 6093-6098.
150. F. K. Perkins, A. L. Friedman, E. Cobas, P. M. Campbell, G. G. Jernigan, B. T. Jonker, Chemical Vapor Sensing with Monolayer MoS2 Nano Lett., 2013, 13, 668–673
151. L, Sun, H. Hu, D. Zhan, J. Yan, L. Liu, J. S. Teguh, E. K. L. Yeow, P. S. Lee, Z. Shen, Plasma Modified MoS2 Nanoflakes for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering small 2014, 10, 1090–1095.
152. Y. Lee, H. Kim, J. Lee, S. H. Yu, E. Hwang, C. Lee, J. H. Ahn, J. H. Cho, Enhanced Raman Scattering of Rhodamine 6G Films on Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Correlated to Photoinduced Charge Transfer Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 180-187.
153. H. I. Karunadasa, E. Montalvo, Y. Sun, M. Majda, J. R. Long, C. J. Chang. A molecular MoS₂ edge site mimic for catalytic hydrogen generation Science 2012, 335, 698.
154. J. J. Hu, J. S. Zabinski. Nanotribology and lubrication mechanisms of inorganic fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticles investigated using lateral force microscopy (LFM) Tribol. Lett. 2005, 18, 173.
155. D. Sercombe; D. Schwarz, O.D. Pozo-Zamudio, F. Liu, B.J. Robinson, E.A. Chekhovich, I. I. Tartakovskii, O. Kolosov, A.I. Tartakovskii. Optical investigation of the natural electron doping in thin MoS2 films deposited on dielectric substrates Sci. Rep. 2013, 3.
156. T. Stephenson, Z. Li, B. Olsen, D. Mitlin Lithium ion battery applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanocomposites Energy Enviro. Sci. 2014, 7, 209-231.
157. S. Wu, Z. Zeng, H. Qiyuan, Z. Wang, S.J. Wang, Y. Du, Z. Yin, X. Sun, W. Chen, H. Zhang Electrochemically Reduced Single-Layer MoS2Nanosheets: Characterization, Properties, and Sensing Applications Small 2012, 8, 2264-2270.
158. S. Zhu, J. Zhang, C. Qiao, S. Tang, Y. Li, W. Yuan, B. Li, L. Tian, F. Liu, R. Hu, H. Gao, H. Wei, H. Zhang, H. Sun, B. Yang, Strongly green photoluminescent graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications Chem Commun., 2011, 47, 6858-6860.
159. D. Gopalakrishnan, D. Damien, M. M. Shaijumon MoS2 Quantum Dot-Interspersed Exfoliated MoS2 Nanosheets ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5297-5303.
160. Z. Yin, H. Li, H. Li, L. Jiang, Y. Shi, Y. Sun, G. Lu, Q. Zhang, X. Chen, H. Zhang. Single-Layer MoS2 Phototransistors ACS Nano 2011, 6, 74-80.
161. S. D. Jiang, G. Tang, Z. M. Bai, Y. Y. Wang, Y. Hu, L. Song Surface functionalization of MoS2 with POSS for enhancing thermal, flame-retardant and mechanical properties in PVA composites RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 3253-3262.
162. J. A. Spirko, M. L. Neiman,A. M. Oelker, K. Klier Electronic structure and reactivity of defect MoS2: I. Relative stabilities of clusters and edges, and electronic surface states Surface Science 2004. 572, 191-204.
163. C. Lee, H. Yan, L. E. Brus, T. F. Heinz, J. Hone, S. Ryu Anomalous Lattice Vibrations of Single- and Few-Layer MoS2 ACS Nano 2010, 4, 2695-2700.
164. T. S. Sreeprasad, P. Nguyen, N. Kim, V. Berry Controlled, Defect-Guided, Metal-Nanoparticle Incorporation onto MoS2 via Chemical and Microwave Routes: Electrical, Thermal, and Structural Properties Nano Lett. 2013. 13, 4434.
165. C. F. Castro-Guerrero, F. L. Deepak, A. Ponce, J. C. Reyes, M. D. Valle-Granados, S. F. Moyado, D. H. Galvan, M. J. Yacaman Structure and Catalytic Properties of Hexagonal Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoplates Catal. Sci. Technol. 2011. 1, 1024-1031.
166. Y. Yao, L. Tolentino, Z. Yang, X. Song, W. Zhang, Y. Chen, J. P. Wong High-Concentration Aqueous Dispersions of MoS2 Adv. Fucnt. Mater. 2013, 23, 3577-3583.
167. C. Frate, R. Girometti, M. Pittino, G. Frate, M. Bazzocchi, C. Zuiani. Deep retroperitoneal pelvic endometriosis: MR imaging appearance with laparoscopic correlation Radiographics 2006, 26, 1705-1718.
168. H. Chen, B. Qi, T. Moore, D. C. Colvin, T. Crawford, J. C.Goe, F. Alexis, O. T.Mefford, J. N. Anker. Synthesis of brightly PEGylated luminescent magnetic upconversion nanophosphors for deep tissue and dual MRI imaging Small 2014, 10, 160-168.
169. A. K. Duncan, P. J. Klemm, K. N. Raymond, C. C. Landry. Silica microparticles as a solid support for gadolinium phosphonate magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134,8046-8049.
170. S. K. Morcos, Extracellular gadolinium contrast agents: Differences in stability Eur. J. Radiol. 2008, 66,175-179.
171. Y. Chen, M. Li, Y. Hong, J. W. Y. Lam, Q. Zheng, B. Z. Tang, Dual-Model MRI Contrast Agent with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristic for Liver Specific Imaging with Long Circulation Lifetime ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 10783– 10791.
172. P. Stratta, C. Canavese, S. Aime. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, renal failure and nephrogenic system fibrosis/nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy Curr. Med. Chem. 2008, 15, 1229-1235.
173. Y. Hou, R. Qiao, F. Fang, X. Wang, C. Dong, K. Liu, C. Liu, Z. Liu, H. Lei, F. Wang, M. Gao, NaGdF4 nanoparticle-based molecular probes for magnetic resonance imaging of intraperitoneal tumor xenografts in vivo ACS Nano 2013, 7, 330-338.
174. Y. Li, M. Beija, S. Laurent, L. V. Elst, R. N. Muller, H. T. T. Duong, A. B. Lowe, T. P. Davis, C. Boyer, Macromolecular ligands for Gadolinium MRI Contrast Agent Macromolecules 2012, 45, 4196-4204.
175. C. H. Huang, K. Nwe, A. Al. Zaki, M. W. Brechbiel, A. Tsourkas. Biodegradable Polydisulfide Dendrimer Nanoclustera as MRI Contrast Agents ACS Nano 2012, 6, 9416-9424.
176. Z. Zhou, C. Wu, H. Liu, X. Zhu, Z. Zhao, L. Wang, Y. Xu, H. Ai, J. Gao. Surface and Interfacial Engineering of Iron Oxide Nanoplates for Highly Efficient Magnetic Resonance Angiography ACS Nano 2015, 9, 3012-3022.
177. Y. Chen, C. Tan, H. Zhang, L.Wang. Two-dimentional graphene analoques for biomedical applications Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2681-2701.
178. W.Yin, L. Yan, J. Yu, G. Tian, L. Zhou, X. Zheng, X. Zhang, Y. Yong, J. Li, Z. Gu, Y. Zhao. High-Throughput Synthesis of Single-Layer MoS2 Nanosheets as a Near-Infrared Photothermal-Triggered Drug Delivery for Effective Cancer Thrapy ACS Nano 2014, 8, 6922-6933.
179. A. H. Hung, R. J. Holbrook, M. W. Rotz, C. J. Glasscock, N. D. Mansukhani, K. W. MacRenaris, L. M. Manus, M. C. Duch, K. T. Dam, M. C. Hersam, T. J. Meade. Graphene Oxide Enhances Cellular Delivery of Hydrophilic Small Molecules by Co-incubation ACS Nano 2014, 8, 10168-10177.
180. M. Zhang, Y. Cao, Y. Chong, Y. Ma, H. Zhang, Z. Deng, C. Hu, Z . Zhang. Graphene Oxide Based Thernostic Platform for T1-Wighed Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Drug Delivery ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 13325-13332.
181. A. H. Hung, M. C. Duch, G. Parigi, M. W. Rotz, L. M. Manus, D. J. Mastarone, K. T. Dam, C. C. Gits, K. W. MacRenaris, C. Luchinat, M. C. Hersam, T. J. Meade. Mechanism of Gadographene-Mediated Proton Spin Relaxation J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 16263-16273.
182. D. Gerion, J. Herberg, R. Bok, E. Gjersing, E. Ramon, R. Maxwell, J. Kurhanewicz, T. F. Budinger, J. W. Gray, M. A. Shuman, F. F. Chen, Paramagnetic Silica-Coated Nanocrystals as an Advanced MRI Contrast Agent J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 12542-12551.
183. G.D. Kenny, C.V. Llerena, A.D. Tagalakis, F. Campbell, K. Welser, M. Botta, A. B. Tabor, H. C. Hailes, M. F. Lythgoe, S. L. Hart. Multifuncational receptor-targeted nanocomplex for magnetic resonance imaging and transfection of tumors Biomaterials 2012, 33, 7241-7250.
184. J. Lee, Y. Lee, J. K. Youn, H. B. Na, T. Yu, H. Kim, S. M. Lee, Y. M. Koo, J. H. Kwak, H. G. Park, H. N. Chang, M. Hwang, J. G. Park, J. Kim, T. Hyeon. Simple synthesis of functionalized superparamagnetic magnetite/silica core/shell nanoparticles and their application as magnetically separable high-performance biocatalysts Small 2008, 4, 143-152
185. L. Zhou, J. Yuan, Y. Wei. Core-shell structural iron oxide hybrid nanoparticles; from controlled synthesis to biomedical applications J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 2823-2840.
186. H. L. Ding, Y. X. Zhang, S. Wang, J. M. Xu, S. C. Xu, G. H. Li. Fe3O4@SiO2 Core/Shell Nanoparticles: The Silica Coating Regulaions with a Single Core for Different Core Sizes and Shell Thicknesses Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 4572-4580.
187. T. Naresh Kumar, N. Chandrasekaran, K. Lakshminarasimha Phani. Structural and electronic modification of MoS2 nanosheets using S-doped carbon for efficient electrocatalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 5052-5055.
188. P. Mi, H. Cabral, D. Kokuryo, M. Rafi, T. Terada, I. Aoki, T. Saga, I. Takehiko, N. Nishiyama, K. Kataoka. Gd-DTPA-loaded polymer-metal complex micelles with high relaxivity for MR cancer imaging Biomaterials 2013, 34, 492-500.
189. F. Wypych, R. Schollhorn. 1T-MoS2, a new metallic modification of molybdenum disulfide J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1386-1388.
190. C. Y. Cao, Y. Y. Shen, J. D. Wang, L. Li, G. L. Liang. Controlled intracellular self-assembly of gadolinium nanoparticles as smart molecular MR contrast agents Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1024.
191. Z. Zheng, A. Daniel, W. Yu, B. Weber, J. Ling, A.H.E. Müller. Rare-Earth Metal Cations Incorporated Silica Hybrid Nanoparticles Templated by Cylindrical Polymer Brushes Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 4585–4594.
192. J. M. Idee, M. Port, C. Robic, C. Medina, M. Sabatou, C. Corot, Role of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters in gadolinium chelate stability J. Magn Reson Imaging 2009, 30, 1249-1258.
193. R. Anbazhagan, H. Wang, H. C. Tsai, R. J. Jeng, Highly concentrated MoS2 nanosheets in water achieved by thioglycolic acid as stabilizer and used as biomarkers RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 42936-42941.
194. S. Y. Wu, L. T. Chang, S. Peng, H. C. Tsai, Calcium-activated gene transfection from DNA/poly (amic acid-co-imide) complexes Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 1637-1647.
195. Le Ru, E. C.; Etchegoin, P. G. Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2012, 63, 65-87.
196. E. Le Ru, P. G. Etchegoin, Principles of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: and related plasmonic effects Elsevier 2009.
197. J. F. Li, Y. F. Huang, Y. Ding, Z. L. Yang, S. B. Li, X. S. Zhou, F. R. Fan, W. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhou, D. Y. Wu, B. Ren, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Tian, Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Nature 2010, 464, 392-395.
198. E. M. Larsson, C. Langhammer, I. Zorić, B. Kasemo, Nanoplasmonic Probes of Catalytic Reactions Science 2009, 326, 1091– 1094.
199. P. L. Stiles, J. A. Dieringer, N. C. Shah, R. P. Van Duyne, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2008, 1, 601-626.
200. W. J. Tipping, M. Lee, A. Serrels, V. G. Brunton, A. N. Hulme, Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy: an emerging tool for drug discovery Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 2075-3089.
201. A. F. Palonpon, M. Sodeoka, K. Fujita, Molecular imaging of live cells by Raman microscopy Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2013, 17, 708-715.
202. L. Lin, X. Tian, S. Hong, P. Dai, Q. You, R. Wang, L. Feng, C. Xie, Z. Q. Tian, X. Chen, Bioorthogonal Raman Reporter Strategy for SERS Detection of Glycans on Live Cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7266-7271.
203. S. Nie, S. R. Emory, Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Science 1997, 275, 1102-1106.
204. G. C. Schatz, M. A. Young, R. P. V. Duyne, In Surface-Enhanced Raman Scatterin Kneipp, K.; Moskovits, M.; Kneipp, H., Eds. Topics in Applied Physics; Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, 2006, 19-45.
205. A. Otto, The ‘chemical’ (electronic) contribution to surface-enhanced Raman scattering J. Raman Spectrosc. 2005, 36, 497-509.
206. X. Ling, L. M. Xie, Y. Fang, H. Xu, H. L. Zhang, J. Kong, M. S. Dresselhaus, J. Zhang, Z. F. Liu, Can Graphene be used as a Substrate for Raman Enhancement? Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 553-561.
207. S. Park, R. S. Ruoff, Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 217-224.
208. W. Wu, L. Wang, Y. Li, F. Zhang, L. Lin, S. Niu, D. Chenet, X. Zhang, Y. Hao, T. F. Heinz, Piezoelectricity of Single-Atomic Layer MoS2 for Energy Conversion and Piezotronics Nature 2014, 514, 470-474.
209. A. Splendiani., L. Sun, Y. Zhang, T. Li, J. Kim, C.Y; Chim, G. Galli,
F. Wang Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS2 Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1271-1275.
210. Q. Ding, F. Meng, C.R. English, M. Cabán-Acevedo, M. Shearer, D. Liang, A. S. Daniel, R. J. Hamers, S. Jin, Efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation using heterostructures of Si and chemically exfoliated metallic MoS2 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 8504-8507.
211. M. A. Lukowski, A. S. Daniel, F. Meng, A. Forticaux, L. Li, S. Jin, Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis from Chemically Exfoliated Metallic MoS2 Nanosheets J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 10274-10277.
212. M. Acerce, D. Voiry, M. Chhowalla, Metallic 1T Phase MoS2 Nanosheets as Supercapacitor Electrode Materials Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 313-318.
213. C. Muehlethaler, C. R. Considine, V. Menon, W. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, J. R. Lombardi, Ultra-High Raman Enhancement on Monolayer MoS2 ACS Photonics 2016, 3, 1164-1169.
214. X. Ling, W. Fang, Y. H. Lee, P. T. Araujo, X. Zhang, J. F. Rodriguez-Nieva, Y. Lin, J. Zhang, J. Kong, M. S. Dresselhaus, Raman Enhancement Effect on Two Dimensional Layered Materials: Graphene, h-BN and MoS2 Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3033-3040.
215. Y. Lee, H. Kim, J. Lee, S. H. Yu, E. Hwang, C. Lee, J. H. Ahn, J. H. Cho, Enhanced Raman Scattering of Rhodamine 6G Films on Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Correlated to Photoinduced Charge Transfer Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 180-187.
216. L. F. Sun, H. L. Hu, D. Zhan, J. X. Yan, L. Liu, J. S. Teguh, E. K. L, Yeow, P. S. Lee, Z. X. Shen, Plasma Modified MoS2 Nanoflakes for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Small 2014, 10,1090-1095.
217. Y. Yin, P. Miao, Y. Zhang, J. Han, X. Zhang, Y. Gong, L. Gu, C. Xu, T. Yao, P. Xu, Y. Wang, B. Song, S. Jin, Significantly Increased Raman Enhancement on MoX2 (X = S, Se) Monolayers upon Phase Transition Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1606694.
218. H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte, A. Gomathi, A. K. Manna, D. J. Late, R. Datta, S. K. Pati, C. N. R. Rao, MoS2 and WS2 Analogues of Graphene Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4059-4062.
219. K. Meister, J. Niesel, U. Schatzschneider, N. Metzler-Nolte, D. A. Schmidt, M. Havenith, Label-Free Imaging of Metal–Carbonyl Complexes in Live Cells by Raman Microspectroscopy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 3310-3312.
220. H. Yamakoshi, K. Dodo, M. Okada, J. Ando, A. Palonpon, K. Fujita, S. Kawa,M. Sodeoka, Imaging of EdU, an Alkyne-Tagged Cell Proliferation Probe, by Raman Microscopy J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133,6102-6105.
221. L. Wei, F. H. Hu, Y. H. Shen, Z. X. Chen, Y. Yu, C. C. Lin, M. C. Wang, W. Min, Live-cell imaging of alkyne-tagged small biomolecules by stimulated Raman scattering Nat. Methods 2014,11, 410-412.
222. Z.L. Song, Z. Chen, X. Bian, L.Y. Zhou, D. Ding, H. Liang, Y.X. Zou, S.S. Wang, L. Chen, C. Yang, X.B. Zhang, W. Tan, Alkyne-Functionalized Superstable Graphitic Silver Nanoparticles for Raman Imaging J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 13558-13561.
223. Y. Chen, J. Q. Ren, X. G. Zhang, D. Y. Wu, A. G. Shen, J. M. Hu, Alkyne-Modulated Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Palette for Optical Interference-Free and Multiplex Cellular Imaging Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 6115-6119.
224. D. C. Kennedy, C. S. McKay, L. l. Tay, Y. Rouleau, J. P. Pezacki, Carbon-Bonded Silver Nanoparticles: Alkyne-Functionalized Ligands for SERS Imaging of Mammalian Cells Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 3156-3158.
225. K. E. Beatty, J. C. Liu, F. Xie, D. C. Dieterich, E. M. Schuman, Q. Wang, Tirrell, D. A. Fluorescence visualization of newly synthesized proteins in mammalian cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7364-7367.