In electric vehicles, there is electrical energy storage such as battery and ultracapacitor. For ultracapacitor, those which are connected in series will be placed in one stack for the sake of achieving a targeting power. The non-homogeneity in the thermal conditions of all the cells may result in differences in the ageing behaviors among the cells, which in turn causes unbalanced charge/discharge characteristics. To comprehend further on, it is developed ultracapacitors’ ageing model to simulate in different ambient temperature between ultracapacitors stack’s interior and exterior and unbalanced charged discharge. Ultracapacitors which are conneted in series have same specification and same ambient temperature at outside, risk of unbalanced charging can still occur.The reason is the effect of internal volume’s temperature which are placed among ultracapacitors and different heat transfer convection between interior and outside. The high ultracapacitors’ temperature which are affected by the high charging current input also affect internal volume’s temperature. The purpose of applying PI controller in an ultracapacitor stack is to control an ultracapacitor stack’s voltage. While Balancing Cell help an ultracapacitor stack to balance voltage and make voltage kept in range between 1.35-2.7 Volt. The combination between PI controller and balancing cell helps an ultracapacitor stack perform longer.

In electric vehicles, there is electrical energy storage such as battery and ultracapacitor. For ultracapacitor, those which are connected in series will be placed in one stack for the sake of achieving a targeting power. The non-homogeneity in the thermal conditions of all the cells may result in differences in the ageing behaviors among the cells, which in turn causes unbalanced charge/discharge characteristics. To comprehend further on, it is developed ultracapacitors’ ageing model to simulate in different ambient temperature between ultracapacitors stack’s interior and exterior and unbalanced charged discharge. Ultracapacitors which are conneted in series have same specification and same ambient temperature at outside, risk of unbalanced charging can still occur.The reason is the effect of internal volume’s temperature which are placed among ultracapacitors and different heat transfer convection between interior and outside. The high ultracapacitors’ temperature which are affected by the high charging current input also affect internal volume’s temperature. The purpose of applying PI controller in an ultracapacitor stack is to control an ultracapacitor stack’s voltage. While Balancing Cell help an ultracapacitor stack to balance voltage and make voltage kept in range between 1.35-2.7 Volt. The combination between PI controller and balancing cell helps an ultracapacitor stack perform longer.

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