創新之於變遷快速的現代社會，是個常常被提及的名詞，小至於組織，大至於一個國家，都喜歡把創新放在規劃的目標之中。然而，大部份的人只知其果，而不知其因，於是開始有許多學者著手研究組織創新的領域，本文所引用的觀點-組織雙歧（organizational ambidexterity），始於Duncan(1976)是第一個使用組織雙歧措辭的學者，而March(1991)以後開啓了研究風潮，探討雙岐組織該具備的探索性、開發性的能力。
組織雙歧代表一個組織具有長期適應與短期效率的競爭優勢，本研究並以智慧資本的角度切入，探討智慧資本影響組織雙歧的關係，並加入了領導風格(轉換型領導與交易式領導)的調節效果，探討三個變項間的關係。

Innovation is a term which be mentioned frequently in now days. From a firm to a nation, innovation always to be one of their goal. But most of people didn’t really know how to become innovative. Since that lots of scholars begin to investigate the field of organization innovation.
The key term this study use – Organization Ambidexterity, which start from Duncan(1976). Until March(1991) lead to a wave of this field.
Organization Ambidexterity means an organization with the competitive advantage of long term adaption and short term effectiveness. This study try to investigate the relation between Intellectual Capital, Organization Ambidexterity, Transformational Leadership and Transactional Leadership.

(英文)參考文獻
Adler, P.S., Goldoftas, B. & Levine, D.(1999). Flexibility versus efficiency? A case
study of model changeovers in the Toyota production system. Organization
Science, 10, 43-68.
Bass, B.M.(1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York:
Free Press.
Badarracco, J.L.(1991). The knowledge link: how firm compete through strategic
alliances. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Burns, J.M.G.(1978). Leadership. New York : Harper & Row.
Burt, R.S.(1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Becker, G.S.(1964). Human Capital. New York: Columbia University Press.
Benner, M.J. & Tushmsn, M.L.(2003). Exploitation, exploration, and process
management: the productivity dilemma revisited. Academy of Management
Review, 39, 779-801.
Bryman, A.(1992). Charisma leadership in organization. London : SAGE
Publication.
Colman, J.S.(1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American
Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120.
Cossan, M.M., Lane, H.W. & White, R.E.(1999). An organizational learning
framework: from intuition to institution. Academy of Management Review
, 522-537.

Chang, Y.Y. & Hughes, M.(2012). Driver of innovation ambidexterity in small to
medium-sized firm. European Management Journal, 1-17.
Cao, Q., Gedajlovic, E. & Zhang Hongping.(2009). Unpacking Organizational
Ambidexterity: Dimensions, Contingencies, and Synergistic Effects. Organization Science, Vol.20, No.4, 781-796.
Collins, C.J. & Smith, K.G.(2006). Knowledge exchange and combination: the role
of human resource practices in the performance of high-technology firms.
Academy of Management Journal, Vol.49, No.3, 544-560.
Davenport, T.H. & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: how organization
management what they know. Boston : Harvard Business School Press.
Duncan, R.B.(1976). The ambidextrous organization: designing dual structures for
innovation. R.H. Kilmann, L.R. Pondy, D.P.Slevin, eds. The Management of Organization Design ,Vol.1, Strategies and Implementation. North-Holland, New
York, 167-188.
Danneels, E.(2002). The dynamics of product innovation and firm competences.
Strategic Management Journal, 23, 1059-1121.
Edvinsson, L. & Sullivan,(1996). Developing a model for managing intellectual
Capital. European Management Journal, 14, 356-364.
Edvinsson, L. & Malone, M.S.(1997). Intellectual capital- realizing your company’s
true value by finding it’s roots. New York: Harper Business.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F.(1981). Structural Equation Models With Unobservable
Variables and Measurement Error : Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing
Research, 382.
Ghoshal, S. & Bartlett, C.(1994). Linking organization context and managerial action : the dimension of quality in management. Strategic Management Journal,
15, 91-112.
Gibson, C.B. & Birkinshaw, J.(2004). The antecedents, consequences, and mediating
role of organizational ambidexterity. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.47,N0.2,p.209-226.
Hall, R.(1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resource. Strategic Management
Journal, 13, 2, 135-144.
He, Z.L. & Wang, P.K.(2004). Exploration vs. Exploitation: An Empirical Test of the
Ambidexterity Hypothesis. Organization Science, 481-494.
Hitt, M.A., Bierman, L., Shimizu, K. & Kochhar, R.(2001). Direct and moderating
effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms : a resource based perspective. Academy of Management Journal 44(1), 13-28.
Itami, H. (1987). Mobilizing Invisible Asset. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University
Press.
Jansen, J.J.P., George, G., Van Den Bosch, F.A.J. & Volberda, H.W.(2008). Senior
Team Attributes and Organizational Ambidexterity: The Moderating Role of
Transformational Leadership. Journal of Management Studies.
Jansen, J.J.P., Simsek, Z. & Cao, Q.(2012). Ambidexterity and performance in
multiunit contexts: cross-level moderating effects of structural and resource
attributes. Strategic Management Journal, 1286-1303.

Jansen, J.J.P., Van Den Bosch, F.A.J. & Volberda, H.W.(2006). Exploratory
Innovation, Exploitative Innovation, and Performance: Effects of organizational.
Management Science, Vol.52, No.11, 1661-1674.
Jansen, J.J.P., Vera, D. & Grossan, M.(2009). Strategic leadership for exploration and
exploitation: The moderating role of environmental dynamism. The leadership
Quarterly, 5-18.
Jung, D.I., Chow, C. & Wu, A.(2003). The role of transformational leadership in
enhancing organizational innovation: hypotheses and some preliminary findings.
The leadership Quarterly, 525-544.
Kaplan, R.S. & Norton, D.P.(1992). The Balance-Scorecard:Measures that drive
performance. Harvard Business Review(January-February), 71-79.
Kang, S.C. & Snell, S.A.(2009). Intellectual capital architectures and ambidextrous
learning：a framework for human resource management. Journal of Management
Studies.
Lepak, D.P. & Snell, S.A.(1999). The human resource architecture : toward a theory
of human capital allocation and development. Academy of Management Review
24(1), 31-48.
Levinthal, B. & March, J.G.(1993). The myopia of learning. Strategic Management
Journal, 14, 95-112.
Lubatkin, M.H., Ling, Y. & Veiga, J.F.(2006). Ambidexterity and Performance in
Small- to Medium-Sized Firms: The pivotal role of top management team
behavioral integration. 646-671.

March, J.G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organization learning.
Organization Science, Vol.2, No.1, 71-87.
MacCalum, R.C., Browne, M.V. & Sugawara, H.M.(1996). Power Analysis and
Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modeling. Psychological
Methods, 130~149.
Nonaka, I. (1991). The knowledge creating company. Harvard Business
Review, 69, 6, 96-104.
Nahapiet, J. & Ghoshal, S.(1998). Social capital, intellectual capital and the
organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, Vol.23, NO.2, 242-266.
Quinn, J.B., Anderson, P. & Finkelstein, S.(1996). Managing professional intellect:
making the most of the best. Harvard Business Review, March-April, 71-80.
Pereira, C.M.M. & Gomes, J.F.S.(2012). The strength of human resource practices
and transformational leadership: impact on organizational preference. Journal of
Human Resource.
Pfeffer, J.(1994). Competitive advantage through people : unleashing the power of
the work force. Harvard Business School Press : Boston, MA.
Peteraf, N.A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: a resource-based
view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(March), 179-191.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenize, S.B., Lee, J.Y. & Podsakoff, N.P.(2003). Common
method biases in behavioral research : a critical review of the literature and
recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 88(5), 879-903.

Prieto, I.M. & Santana, M.P.P.(2012). Building ambidexterity : the role of human
resource practices in the performance of firms from SPAIN. Human Resource
Management, 51, No.2, 189-212.
Raisch, S.& Birkinshaw, J.(2008). Organizational Ambidexterity: Antecedents,
Outcomes, and Moderators. Journal of Management, Vol.34, No.3, 375-409.
Raisch, S., Birkinshaw, J., Probst, G. & Tushman, M.L.(2009). Organizational
Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained
Performance. Organization Science, Vol.20, No.4, 685-695.
Ross, G. & Roos, J.(1997). Measuring your company’s intellectual performance.
Long Range Planning, 30(3), 413-426.
Schultz, T.W.(1997). Investment in human capital. American Economic Reivew,
51, 1-17.
Senege, P.M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning
Organization. New York : Doubleday Currency.
Snell, S.A. & Dean, J.W. (1992). Integrated manufacturing and human resource
management : a human capital perspective. Academy of Management
Journal, 35, 467-504.
Stata, R. (1989). Organizational Learning- the key to management innovation. Sloan
Management Review, Spring, 63-74.
Stewart, T.A.(1997). Intellectual capital: the new wealth of organization. New
York:Doubleday.

Subramaniam, M. & Youndt, M.A.,(2005). The influence of intellectual capital on the
types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.48, No.3,
450-463.
Tepper, B.J., Moss, S.E. & Duffy, M.K.(2011). Predictors of Abusive Supervision :
Supervisor Perceptions of Deep-Level Dissimilarity, Relationship conflict, and
Subordinate Performance. Academy of Management Journal. Vol.54, No.2
279-294.
Tushman, M.L. & O’Reilly III, C.A. (1996). Managing evolutionary and
revolutionary change. California Management Review, 38, 8-30.
Tsai, W. & Ghoshal, S.(1998). Social capital and value creation: the role of intrafirm
Networks. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.41, No.4, 464-476.
Ulrich,D.(1998). Intellectual Capital=competence*commitment. Sloan Management
Review(Winter), 15-26.
Walsh, J.P. & Ungson, G.R.(1991). Organizational memory. Academy of
Management Review, 16, 57-91.
Wright, P.M. & Snell, S.A.(1998). Toward a unifying framework for exploring fit
and flexibility in strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 23, 756-772.
Walsh, J.P. & Ungson, G.R. (1991). Organization memory. Academy of
Management Review, 16, 57-91.
Yukl, G.A.(2001). Leadership in Organization-5 ed. Upper Saddle River,
NJ:Pretice-Hall.

Youndt, M.A., Subramaniam, M, & Snell, S.A.(2004). Intellectual capital profiles :
an examination of investments and returns. Journal of Management Studies.
Vaccaro, I.G., Jansen, J.J.P., Van Den Bosch, F.A.J. & Volberda, H.W.(2012).
Management Innovation and Leadership: The Moderating Role of Organizational
Size. Journal of Management Studies.

中文文獻
王文英、張清福（2004），智慧資本影響績效模式之探討：我國半導體業之實證
研究。會計評論，第39期，2004年7月，第89-117頁
張火燦、林鉦棼、陳琨富（2009），主管領導形態對服務品質的影響：組織雙歧
之干擾效果。
廖國鋒、王湧水、戴坤輝（2004），轉換型領導、交易型領導、組織自尊與工作
滿足及組織承諾關聯性之研究-信任的中介效果。
蕭文龍（2009），多變量分析最佳入門實用書：SPSS+LISEREL。基峰資訊。
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棼（2006），管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影
響、測試和補救。