摘要

在供應鏈管理範疇裡，供應商選擇已成為非常重要的問題，尤其是在採購功能。供應商選擇的準則儼然成為選擇供應商最主要的問題。最近印尼主要探討的議題為工業4.0。本研究基於工業4.0的觀點，定義了選擇供應商的主要準則與次要準則。為了建構選擇供應商的主要準則與次要準則，本研究進行了文獻探討、專家訪談及問卷調查。本研究透過文獻探討與改進德爾菲法，定義出層級架構及選擇供應商的主要準則與次要準則。接著，分析層級程序法用於定義層級架構中主要準則的權重及次要準則的權重。本研究的結果基於工業4.0的角度，可作為選擇供應商的參考，進而做出正確的供應商選擇決策。

關鍵字：供應商選擇準則、工業4.0、改進德爾菲法、分析層級程序法。

ABSTRACT

In the area of supply chain management, supplier selection issue has become a very important aspect, especially for the purchasing function. The criteria for supplier selection become the main thing in supplier selection. Recently, the main issue in Indonesia is Industry 4.0. In this study, we determine supplier selection’s criteria and sub-criteria based on Industry 4.0 perspective. In order to construct the supplier selection's criteria and sub-criteria, this study conducts literature review, expert interviews and questionnaire survey. By literature review and the modified Delphi method in order to confirm the hierarchical framework and supplier selection's criteria and sub-criteria. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is conducted to determine the weights of criteria and sub-criteria in the hierarchical framework. The findings can serve as a reference for selecting suppliers, thus helping to make the right supplier selection decisions based on Industry 4.0 perspective.

Keywords: Supplier selection criteria, Industry 4.0, Modified Delphi method, Analytical Hierarchy Process.

REFERENCES

Abdolshah, M. (2013) ‘A review of quality criteria supporting supplier selection’, Journal of Quality and Reliability Engineering, 2013.
Araz, C. and Ozkarahan, I. (2007) ‘Supplier evaluation and management system for strategic sourcing based on a new multicriteria sorting procedure’, International Journal of Production Economics, 106, pp. 585–606.
Awasthi, A., Chauhan, S. S. and Goyal, S. K. (2010) ‘A fuzzy multicriteria approach for evaluating environmental performance of suppliers’, International Journal of Production Economics. Elsevier, 126(2), pp. 370–378.
Bechtsis, D., Tsolakisb, N., Vlachosa, D. and Iakovouc, E. (2017) ‘Sustainable supply chain management in the digitalisation era: The impact of Automated Guided Vehicles’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 142, pp. 3970–3984.
Bilişik, M. E., Çağlar, N. and Bilişik, Ö. N. A. (2012) ‘A Comparative Performance Analyze Model and Supplier Positioning in Performance Maps for Supplier Selection and Evaluation’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, pp. 1434–1442.
Billesbach, T. J. (1991) ‘a Study of the Implementation of Just-in-Time in the United States.’, Production & Inventory Management Journal, 32(3), pp. 1–4. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=7902760&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
Branke. J, Farid. S, S. N. (2016) ‘Industry 4 . 0 – A vision also for personalised medicine supply chains ?’, Cell Gene Therapy Insights., 2.2 (2016), pp. 263–270.
Caron, J., Durand, S. and Asselin, H. (2016) ‘Principles and criteria of sustainable development for the mineral exploration industry’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 119, pp. 215–222.
Cengiz, A.E., Aytekin, O., Ozdemir, I., Kusan, H. and Cabuk, A. (2017) ‘A Multi-criteria Decision Model for Construction Material Supplier Selection’, Procedia Engineering, 196(June), pp. 294–301.
Chen, C., Lin, C. and Huang, S. (2006) ‘A fuzzy approach for supplier evaluation and selection in supply chain management’, Intern. Journal of Production Economics, 102, pp. 289–301.
Dalkey, N. and Helmer, O. (1963) ‘An Experimental Application of The Delphi Method to The Use of Experts’. INFORMS, pp. 458–467.
Delbari, S.A., Ng, S.I., Aziz, Y.A. and Ho, J.A. (2016) ‘An investigation of key competitiveness indicators and drivers of full-service airlines using Delphi and AHP techniques’, Journal of Air Transport Management. Elsevier Ltd, 52, pp. 23–34.
Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H. and Gustafson, D. H. (1975) ‘Group techniques for program planning : a guide to nominal group and delphi processes’. Scott Foresman and Company, Glenview, Illinois.
Dickson, G. W. (1966) ‘An Analysis Of Vendor Selection Systems And Decisions’, Journal of Purchasing, 2(1), pp. 5–17.
Dweiri, F., Kumar, S., Khan, S.A. and Jain, V. (2016) ‘Designing an integrated AHP based decision support system for supplier selection in automotive industry’, Expert Systems with Applications. Elsevier Ltd, 62, pp. 273–283.
Feyzioglu, O. and Büyüközkan, G. (2010) ‘Evaluation of Green Suppliers Considering Decision Criteria Dependencies’, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems - Springer, 634, pp. 145–154.
Ghodsypour, S. H. and O’Brien, C. (1998) ‘A decision support system for supplier selection using an integrated analytic hierarchy process and linear programming’, International Journal of Production Economics, 56–57, pp. 199–212.
Gilchrist, A. (2016) ‘Introducing Industry 4.0, in: Industry 4.0’, Apress, pp. 195–215.
Gnatzy, T., Warth, J., von der Gracht, H. and Darkow, I.L. (2011) ‘Validating an innovative real-time Delphi approach - A methodological comparison between real-time and conventional Delphi studies’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Elsevier Inc., 78(9), pp. 1681–1694.
Goodman, C. M. (1987) ‘The Delphi technique: a critique’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 12(6), pp. 729–734.
Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J. and Murugesan, P. (2015) ‘Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection : a literature review’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 98, pp. 66–83.
Govindan, K., Seuring, S., Zhu, Q. and Azevedo, S.G. (2016) ‘Accelerating the transition towards sustainability dynamics into supply chain relationship management and governance structures’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 112, pp. 1813–1823.
Govindan, K., Khodaverdi, R. and Jafarian, A. (2012) ‘A fuzzy multi criteria approach for measuring sustainability performance of a supplier based on triple bottom line approach’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1–10.
Hermann, M., Pentek, T. and Otto, B. (2016) ‘Design principles for industrie 4.0 scenarios’, Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2016-March, pp. 3928–3937.
Hong, D. (2000) Risk cognition and management of BOT Finance of Kaohsiung rapid transit corporation: Delphi method and AHP. National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
Huang, Han-chen, Su-ling Wu, Pei-ying Wu, and Chien-hua Li. (2016) ‘Selection of Festival Planners: Application of Modified Delphi Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process’, Journal of Social Sciences, 12(1), pp. 68–77.
Hung, C., Lee, W. and Wang, D. (2013) ‘Technological Forecasting & Social Change Strategic foresight using a modi fi ed Delphi with end-user participation : A case study of the iPad ’ s impact on Taiwan ’ s PC ecosystem’, Technological Forecasting & Social Change. Elsevier Inc., 80(3), pp. 485–497.

Hussain, M. and Al-aomar, R. (2017) ‘A model for assessing the impact of sustainable supplier selection on the performance of service supply chains’, International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. Taylor & Francis, 7038(December), pp. 1–16.
Kannan, D., Govindan, K. and Rajendran, S. (2015) ‘Fuzzy Axiomatic Design approach based green supplier selection: a case study from Singapore’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 96, pp. 194–208.
Kannan, V. and Tan, K. (2003) ‘Attitudes of US and European managers to supplier selection and assessment and implications for business performance’, Benchmarking: An International Journal, 10 (5), pp. 472–489.
Katsikeas, C. S., Paparoidamis, N. G. and Katsikea, E. (2004) ‘Supply source selection criteria : The impact of supplier performance on distributor performance’, Industrial Marketing Management, 33, pp. 755–764.
Kim, M., Jang, Y. C. and Lee, S. (2013) ‘Application of Delphi-AHP methods to select the priorities of WEEE for recycling in a waste management decision-making tool’, Journal of Environmental Management. Elsevier Ltd, 128, pp. 941–948.
Krause, D. R., Handfield, R. B. and Scannell, T. V. (1998) ‘An empirical investigation of supplier development: Reactive and strategic processes’, Journal of Operations Management, 17(1), pp. 39–58.
Kumar, R., Padhi, S. S. and Sarkar, A. (2019) ‘Supplier selection of an Indian heavy locomotive manufacturer: An integrated approach using Taguchi loss function, TOPSIS, and AHP’, IIMB Management Review. Elsevier Ltd, 31(1), pp. 78–90.
Kuo, R. J., Hsu, C. and Chen, Y. (2015) ‘Integration of fuzzy ANP and fuzzy TOPSIS for evaluating carbon performance of suppliers’, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Kuo, R. J., Wang, Y. C. and Tien, F. C. (2010) ‘Integration of artificial neural network and MADA methods for green supplier selection’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 18(12), pp. 1161–1170.
Lamberson, L. R., Diederich, D. and Wuori, J. (1976) ‘Quantitative Vendor Evaluation’, Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 12(1), pp. 19–28.
Lawshe, C. H. (1975) ‘A quantitative approach to content validity”.Personnel Psychology’, A quantitative approach to content validity”.Personnel Psychology, pp. 561–580.
Lee, A.H., Kang, H.Y., Hsu, C.F. and Hung, H.C. (2009) ‘Expert Systems with Applications A green supplier selection model for high-tech industry’, Expert Systems With Applications. Elsevier Ltd, 36(4), pp. 7917–7927.
Lehmann, D. R. and Shaughnessy, J. O. (1973) ‘Difference in Attribute Importance for Different’, 17(November 1972), pp. 141–145.
Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., Loures, E.D.F.R. and Ramos, L.F.P. (2017) ‘Past, present and future of Industry 4.0 - a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal’, International Journal of Production Research. Taylor & Francis, 55(12), pp. 3609–3629.
Lichtblau, K., Stich, V., Bertenrath, R., Blum, M., Bleider, M., Millack, A., Schmitt, K., Schmitz, E. and Schröter, M. (2015) ‘INDUSTRIE 4.0 READINESS’, VDMA’s IMPULS-Stiftung.
Lin, K. C., Shyu, J. Z. and Ding, K. (2017) ‘A cross-strait comparison of innovation policy under Industry 4.0 and sustainability development transition’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(5).
de Loe, R. C. (1995) ‘Exploring complex policy questions using the policy Delphi. A multi-round, interactive survey method’, Applied Geography, 15(1), pp. 53–68.
Mangla, S. K., Kumar, P. and Barua, M. K. (2015) ‘Risk analysis in green supply chain using fuzzy AHP approach:A case study’, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 104, pp. 375–390.
El Mariouli, O. and Abouabdellah, A. (2019) ‘A new model of supplier’s selection for sustainable supply chain management’, Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems, 4(2), pp. 251–259.
Mehralian, G., Gatari, A.R., Morakabati, M. and Vatanpour, H. (2012) ‘Developing a Suitable Model for Supplier Selection Based on Supply Chain Risks : An Empirical Study from Iranian Pharmaceutical Companies’, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(December 2011), pp. 209–219.
Memari, A., Dargi, A., Jokar, M.R.A., Ahmad, R. and Rahim, A.R.A. (2019) ‘Sustainable supplier selection: A multi-criteria intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS method’, Journal of Manufacturing Systems. Elsevier, 50(September 2018), pp. 9–24.
Min, H. and Galle, W. (1999) ‘Electronic commerce usage in businessto - business purchasing’, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 19 (9), pp. 909–921.
Monczka, R. M. and Trecha, S. J. (1988) ‘Cost-Based Supplier Performance Evaluation’, Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 24(1), pp. 2–7.
Mukherjee, K. (2014) ‘Munich Personal RePEc Archive Supplier selection criteria and methods : past , present and future Supplier selection criteria and methods : past , present and future’, (60079).
Mwikali, R. and Kavale, S. (2012) ‘Factors Affecting the Selection of Optimal Suppliers in Procurement Management’, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(14), pp. 189–193.
Neugebauer, R., Hippmann, S., Leis, M. and Landherr, M. (2016) ‘Industry 4.0 - From the perspective of applied research’, Procedia CIRP, 57, pp. 2–7.
Nirmala, G. and Uthra, G. (2019) ‘AHP based on triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number and its application to supplier selection problem’, Materials Today: Proceedings. Elsevier Ltd., 16, pp. 987–993.
Pal, O., Gupta, A. K. and Garg, R. K. (2013) ‘Supplier Selection Criteria and Methods in Supply Chains : A Review’, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 7(10), pp. 2667–2673.

Parthiban, P., Zubar, H. A. and Garge, C. P. (2012) ‘A MCDM approach for supplier selection’, Procedia Engineering, 38, pp. 2312–2328.
Patton III, W.E. (1996) ‘Use of Human Judgment Models in Industrial Buyers ’ Vendor Selection Decisions’, Industrial Marketing Management, 8501(95), pp. 135–149.
Polat, G. and Eray, E. (2015) ‘An Integrated Approach using AHP-ER to Supplier Selection in Railway Projects’, Procedia Engineering. Elsevier B.V., 123, pp. 415–422.
Prajogo, D. and Olhager, J. (2012) ‘Int . J . Production Economics Supply chain integration and performance : The effects of long-term relationships , information technology and sharing , and logistics integration’, Intern. Journal of Production Economics. Elsevier, 135(1), pp. 514–522.
Rajesh, G. and Malliga, P. (2013) ‘Supplier selection based on AHP QFD methodology’, Procedia Engineering. Elsevier B.V., 64, pp. 1283–1292.
Rowe, G. and Wright, G. (2011) ‘Technological Forecasting & Social Change The Delphi technique : Past , present , and future prospects — Introduction to the special issue ☆’, Technological Forecasting & Social Change. Elsevier Inc., 78(9), pp. 1487–1490.
Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P. and Harnisch, M. (2015) ‘Industry 4.0 - The Future of Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industries’, The Boston Consulting Group.
Saaty, R. W. (1987) ‘The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used’, Mathematical Modelling, 9(3–5), pp. 161–176.
Saaty, T. and Vargas, L. (2012) Models, methods, concepts & applications of the analytic hierarchy process, Driven Demand and Operations Management Models.
Sanayei, A., Mousavi, S.F., Abdi, M.R. and Mohaghar, A. (2008) ‘An integrated group decision-making process for supplier selection and order allocation using multi-attribute utility theory and linear programming’, 345, pp. 731–747.

Sarkis, J. and Dhavale, D. G. (2015) ‘Supplier selection for sustainable operations: A triple-bottom-line approach using a Bayesian framework’, International Journal of Production Economics. Elsevier, 166, pp. 177–191.
Sarkis, J. and Zhu, Q. (2018) ‘Environmental sustainability and production: taking the road less travelled’, International Journal of Production Research. Taylor & Francis, 56(1–2), pp. 743–759.
Schmitz, J. and Platts, K. W. (2004) ‘Supplier logistics performance measurement: Indications from a study in the automotive industry’, International Journal of Production Economics, 89(2), pp. 231–243.
Schwab, K. (World E. F. (2016) The Fourth Indus- trial Revolution., VINT Research Report.
Singapore Economic DevelopmentBoard (2017) ‘The Singapore Smart Industry Readiness Index - Catalysing the transformation of manufacturing’.
de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L., Jabbour, C. J. C., Foropon, C., & Godinho Filho, M. (2018) ‘When titans meet – Can Industry 4.0 revolutionise the environmentally-sustainable manufacturing wave? The role of critical success factors’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Elsevier, 132(October 2017), pp. 18–25.
Stanley, L. L. and Wisner, J. D. (2001) ‘Service quality along the supply chain : implications for purchasing’, Journal of Operations Management, 19, pp. 287–306.
Stavropolous, N. (2000) ‘Suppliers in the new economy’, Telecommunications Journal of Australia, 50, pp. 27–29.
Steurer, J. (2011) ‘The Delphi method : an efficient procedure to generate knowledge’, Skeletal Radiol, 40, pp. 959–961.
Stević, Ž., Pamučar, D., Vasiljević, M., Stojić, G. and Korica, S. (2017) ‘Novel integrated multi-criteria model for supplier selection: Case study construction company’, Symmetry, 9(11), pp.279.
Stock, T. and Seliger, G. (2016) ‘Opportunities of Sustainable Manufacturing in Industry 4.0’, Procedia CIRP. Elsevier B.V., 40(Icc), pp. 536–541.
Sureeyatanapas, P., Sriwattananusart, K., Niyamosoth, T., Sessomboon, W. and Arunyanart, S. (2018) ‘Supplier selection towards uncertain and unavailable information : An extension of TOPSIS method’, Operations Research Perspectives. Elsevier Ltd, 5, pp. 69–79.
Taherdoost, H. and Brard, A. (2019) ‘Analyzing the Process of Supplier Selection Criteria and Methods’, Procedia Manufacturing. Elsevier B.V., 32, pp. 1024–1034.
Talluri, S. and Sarkis, J. (2002) ‘A model for performance monitoring of suppliers’, International Journal of Production Research, 40, pp. 4257–4269.
Teeravaraprug, J. (2008) ‘Outsourcing and vendor selection model based on Taguchi loss function’, Journal of Science and Technology, 30(4), pp. 523–530.
Tektas, A. and Aytekin, A. (2011) ‘Supplier Selection in the International Environment : A Comparative Case of a Turkish and an Australian Company 1’, IBIMA Business Review 2, 2011, pp. 1–14.
Tjahjono, B., Esplugues, C., Ares, E. and Pelaez, G. (2017) ‘What does Industry 4.0 mean to Supply Chain?’, Procedia Manufacturing. Elsevier B.V., 13, pp. 1175–1182.
Tseng, M.L., Tan, R.R. and Siriban-Manalang, A.B. (2013) ‘Sustainable consumption and production for Asia : sustainability through green design and practice’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 40, pp. 1–5.
Tseng, M. and Chiu, A. S. F. (2013) ‘Evaluating fi rm ’ s green supply chain management in linguistic preferences’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 40, pp. 22–31.
Vahidi, F., Torabi, S. A. and Ramezankhani, M. J. (2017) ‘Sustainable supplier selection and order allocation under operational and disruption risks’, Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1–47.

Ware, N. R., Singh, S. P. and Banwet, D. K. (2012) ‘Supplier selection problem : A state-of-the-art review Supplier selection problem : A state-of-the-art review’, (December 2015).
Weber, C. A. and Current, J. R. (1993) ‘A multiobjective approach to vendor selection’, European Journal of Operational Research, 68(2), pp. 173–184.
Weber, C. A., Current, J. R. and Benton, W. C. (1991) ‘Vendor selection criteria and methods’, European Journal of Operational Research, 50(1), pp. 2–18.
Van Weele, A. J. and Raaij Van, E. M. (2014) ‘The Future Of Purchasing And Supply Management Research: About Relevance And Rigor’, The Journal of Supply Chain Management (JSCM), 50(No.1), pp. 56–72.
Zhou, X. and Xu, Z. (2018) ‘An Integrated Sustainable Supplier Selection Approach Based on Hybrid Information Aggregation’, Sustainability, 10(7), pp. 1–49.
Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J. and Lai, K. (2007) ‘Initiatives and outcomes of green supply chain management implementation by Chinese manufacturers’, Journal of Environmental Management, 85, pp. 179–189.