Indonesia relies mostly on fossil fuels for electricity generation, transportation, and industry use, mainly coming from oil (35%), coal (37.3%), gas (18.5%) in 2019. The usage of these non-renewable resources leads to a dilemma in policy priority between economic growth and pollution reduction. The construction sector plays a crucial role in Indonesia’s economy over the last decade. Construction activities require immense energy for processing raw materials into final products, transportation, and on-site operation. While the research on construction emissions is extensive, there is very limited research on direct, embodied, and abroad emissions emitted by Indonesia’s construction sector. This study intends to investigate the economic impacts along with energy-related CO2 emissions induced by Indonesia's construction activities with multi-regional input-output analysis and ecological network analysis for the years 2004, 2007, 2011, and 2014. The findings are compared to those of Malaysia and Thailand to understand the relative composition and trend of emissions. From 2004 to 2014, the output multipliers of the Indonesian construction sector show a slight decline, but with a steady increase in the embodied emissions generated. In general, the consumption-based emissions are 6%-28.25% higher than the production-based emissions. Around 94.9%-96.79% are indirect emissions and 69.74-84.44% of total emissions are controlled by the other sectors. The biggest contributors are Electricity, Manufacturing, and Transportation & Storage.

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