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研究生： Bandiyah Sri Aprillia
Bandiyah Sri Aprillia
論文名稱： Above 10% Efficient Earth-abundant Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells with Introducing Alkali Metal Fluoride Electron-Selective Contacts
Above 10% Efficient Earth-abundant Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells with Introducing Alkali Metal Fluoride Electron-Selective Contacts
指導教授： 陳瑞山
Ruei-San Chen
口試委員: 陳貴賢
Kuei-Hsien Chen
林麗瓊
Li-Chyong Chen
郭東昊
Dong-Hau Kuo
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 應用科技學院 - 應用科技研究所
Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
論文出版年： 2017
畢業學年度： 105
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 51
中文關鍵詞： 銅鋅錫硫硒 、鹼金屬氟化物 、電子擇優性接觸 、太陽能電池
外文關鍵詞： CZTSSe, Alkali metal fluoride layers, electron-selective contact, solar cell
相關次數： 點閱：312  下載：3 
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    • 銅鋅錫硫硒是一種地球元素含量豐富且無毒的化合物，並適合應用於薄膜太陽能電池，亦是一種能夠替代過往商業化的金屬硫族化合物(如碲化鎘和銅銦鎵硒)。根據文獻可知，目前最好的銅鋅錫硫硒太陽能電池(吸收能隙為1.13電子伏特)，其效率約為12.6%，遠低於銅銦鎵硒的22.6%。若從光學能隙的觀點剖析，可研判兩者的性能差異可能是源自於大的電壓缺陷(0.62伏特)。為了克服這個問題，通常會在諸如提高吸收層成效、改變能隙位置或是改良太陽能電池層間界面等方向進行探討，以提升銅鋅錫硫硒太陽能電池的性能。在本研究中，我們簡單地在緩衝層和透明導電電極(銦錫氧化物)之間引入界面鹼金屬氟化物層(約幾奈米厚的氟化鈉和氟化鋰)，而製備出不添加額外50奈米氧化鋅層的太陽能電池。從10個電池的平均測量結果顯示，添加鹼金屬氟化物層的太陽能電池轉換效率可從30.77±0.54 提高到9.68±0.5%，短路電流密度從30.1±0.3 mA/cm2提高到32.2±0.2 mA/cm2，開路電壓從400±20 mV提高到480±10 mV，以上是使用鹼金屬氟化物層改質ITO作為電子選擇性界面的結果。其後，我們利用凱爾文探針進行ITO的功函數測量確認，其數值從4.82 eV分別降低到3.39 eV(利用氟化鈉修飾) 或 3.65eV(利用氟化鋰修飾)，表示鹼金屬氟化物層即可進行更加有利的能隙對齊，協助頂部電極上的電子收集(或電洞阻擋) 形成歐姆接面（亦是電子擇優性接觸），進而降低 ITO/CdS 接面的電阻，從 2.1到 0.4 Ω.cm2 (NaF) /0.6 Ω.cm2 (LiF)。而根據變溫電流密度與電壓測量，顯示具有鹼金屬氟化物層的元件接觸電壓損耗將會降低，此種現象亦會導致隱開路電壓達900 meV(原始元件為740 meV)。總結而言，本論文針對鹼金屬氟化物層進行厚度依賴性相關研究，最終獲得10.4%效率的銅鋅錫硫硒太陽能電池(其開路電壓為490 mV、短路電流密度為32.8 mA/cm2及填充因數則為63.2％)。

    Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) is an earth-abundant and non-toxic alternative compound investigated for the purpose of replacing commercialized metal chalcogenides (i.e., CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2) thin-film solar cells. The current efficiency of the CZTSSe champion solar cells is 12.6% with the absorber’s bandgap (Eg) of 1.13 eV, much lower than the 22.6% efficiency of its Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 counterpart. This considerable performance disparity is caused by a large voltage deficit, 0.62 V, compared to the optical band gap. The VOC deficit issue in CZTSSe solar cells, influenced by band gap fluctuations from non-uniform S/Se distributions and Cu/Zn disorders, has been investigated. Besides band gap fluctuation, the contact loss due to mismatches of the work function is one of the key issues that limits VOC. In order to overcome this problem to boost the performance of CZTSSe based photovoltaics, many efforts have been applied to improving the quality of absorbers, band alignments, front and back interfaces/contacts.
    This thesis demonstrated highly efficient CZTSSe solar cells by simply introducing the interfacial alkali metal fluoride (AMF) layers (~ several nm NaF, and LiF) between the buffer layers (i.e., CdS) and the front transparent conductive electrodes (i.e., ITO) without extra ZnO layers to modify the ITO work function. Kelvin probe measurements confirm that the work function of the front ITO decreases from 4.82 eV to 3.39 eV (NaF) / 3.65 eV (LiF), which corresponds with the establishment of better Ohmic contacts and decreased contact resistances between CdS and ITO, from 1.99 Ω.cm2 to 0.40 Ω.cm2 (NaF) / 0.60 Ω.cm2 (LiF). They create a beneficial band alignment for electron collection (or hole blocking) on top electrodes which help to reduce interface recombination due to contact losses. According to the temperature-dependent current density-voltage measurement, the AMF based devices show reduced contact voltage loss, leading to larger implied VOC values of 900 meV, compared with the 740 meV of pristine devices. Consequently, all the solar cell parameters, including JSC, VOC, FF, RS, and RSH, are improved. Finally, the 10.4% efficient CZTSSe solar cells were achieved by simply introducing NaF as electron selective contacts.

    Abstract i 摘要 iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1. Background of Study 1 1.2. Motivation 9 1.3. Purpose 10 Chapter II Alkali Metal Fluoride Electron-selective Contact 11 2.1. Introduction 11 2.2. Experimental Details 14 2.3. Results and Discussion 17 Chapter III Conclusions and Future Outlook 41 3.1. Conclusions 41 3.2. Future Outlook 42 References 43

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