Numerical back analysis of local case histories or tests remains practical and useful to increase accuracy of the parameter selections, especially for analysis of deep excavation in granular soil which is the reliable data often limited due to difficulties of taking the undisturbed samples. This study back analyze deformation parameters of in situ sand through two excavation case histories in Kaohsiung and back analyze strength and deformation parameters of Taichung gravelly cobble deposit through various laboratory and field tests data. In addition, the stability and deformation behavior of the gravelly cobble deposit are examined through parametric study.
In the back analysis of deformation parameter of Kaohsiung sand, two main features are highlighted; deformation prediction based on monitoring data at the first excavation stage and in situ Young’s modulus evaluation for sand considering monitoring data at the overall excavation stages. The former tends to establish a reliable method to predict the wall deflection at the critical stage based on the data at the first stage and the latter to enrich the limited database of Young’s modulus correlation for sand, specifically applicable for deep excavations analysis.
A non-linear model implemented in the finite element software is used to analyze four conventional triaxial compressive tests, two pure shear triaxial tests, one field plate load test test, one field direct shear test, and one natural slope stability. Results show that the friction angle tends to decrease linearly with an increase of the minor principal stress in logarithmic scale. The Parametric study shows that arching effect phenomenon influences the stress distribution in the gravelly cobble deposit subject to unsupported gap in excavations.

Numerical back analysis of local case histories or tests remains practical and useful to increase accuracy of the parameter selections, especially for analysis of deep excavation in granular soil which is the reliable data often limited due to difficulties of taking the undisturbed samples. This study back analyze deformation parameters of in situ sand through two excavation case histories in Kaohsiung and back analyze strength and deformation parameters of Taichung gravelly cobble deposit through various laboratory and field tests data. In addition, the stability and deformation behavior of the gravelly cobble deposit are examined through parametric study.
In the back analysis of deformation parameter of Kaohsiung sand, two main features are highlighted; deformation prediction based on monitoring data at the first excavation stage and in situ Young’s modulus evaluation for sand considering monitoring data at the overall excavation stages. The former tends to establish a reliable method to predict the wall deflection at the critical stage based on the data at the first stage and the latter to enrich the limited database of Young’s modulus correlation for sand, specifically applicable for deep excavations analysis.
A non-linear model implemented in the finite element software is used to analyze four conventional triaxial compressive tests, two pure shear triaxial tests, one field plate load test test, one field direct shear test, and one natural slope stability. Results show that the friction angle tends to decrease linearly with an increase of the minor principal stress in logarithmic scale. The Parametric study shows that arching effect phenomenon influences the stress distribution in the gravelly cobble deposit subject to unsupported gap in excavations.

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