在人體內真實的細胞與組織環境是三維且動態的，然而，傳統細胞培養多為二維靜態培養，與人體內部真實情況存在差異，無法準確了解細胞在體內的行為。3D列印能有效率並精準地製備出理想的三維結構，但動態系統的支架需要高彈性，而常用於3D列印的光固化樹脂固化成型後的材料硬度較高，限制其在骨組織工程的應用。因此，本研究使用各種塑化劑添加到PCL-HEMA光固化樹脂與擠製成型墨水中，同時以TA (Triacetin，三乙酸甘油酯)、MESA (Methyl salicylate，水楊酸甲酯)、DMSU (Dimethyl succinate，琥珀酸二甲酯)和DBM (Dibutyl maleate，馬來酸二丁酯)作為生物型塑化劑，並以工業上最常使用的塑化劑，鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯 (Dibutyl phthalate，DBP)作為對照組，開發具有高彈性的支架，並提供週期性循環壓縮模擬人體日常運動行為，觀察細胞在三維結構上受動態刺激時的表現。
實驗結果顯示，添加塑化劑可以降低樹脂的熱性質，此外，塑化劑的添加降低了樹脂的黏度，提高了其流動性，也導致樹脂的壓縮強度下降，並且在老化實驗中了解樹脂顏色變化和材料的穩定性，證明塑化劑的加入成功地提高光固化樹脂的柔韌性，整體以添加DMSU的增塑效果最為顯著。在擠製成型系統方面，加入塑化劑能有效提升PCL (Polycaprolactone，聚己內酯)/HA (Hydroxyapatite，羥基磷灰石)複合樹脂彈性，使壓縮率最高提升至70%。
接著藉由多孔結構和動態系統的導入探討對骨母細胞生長造成的影響。MTT結果顯示，含有塑化劑的樹脂與原始樹脂一樣具有很高的生物相容性，當生物支架受到循環壓縮時，產生的刺激可增強骨母細胞之增殖，在多孔結構時表現更明顯。ALP結果也發現添加塑化劑之樹脂使骨分化時程被提前，而相較於靜態培養，在動態培養之多孔結構也觀察到較良好骨細胞分化行為。綜合以上結果，顯示本材料具備應用於骨植入物填充材之潛力，且具有加速傷口骨細胞修復及組織再生等效果。

The actual cell and tissue environment within the human body is three-dimensional and dynamic. However, conventional cell culture methods primarily utilize a two-dimensional and static approach, which differs from the natural human body environment. Consequently, cell behaviors observed in vitro are not biomimetic. In order to simulate in vivo morphologies, 3D printing offers an efficient and accurate means of producing ideal three-dimensional structures. Nonetheless, the commonly used cured resin in 3D printing is typically rigid and tough, limiting its application in dynamic cultures. Thus, this study aimed to enhance the flexibility of 3D-printed products by incorporating various plasticizers, such as triacetin (TA), methyl salicylate (MESA), dimethyl succinate (DMSU), and dibutyl maleate (DBM), into photo-curable resins and extrusion bio-inks. Additionally, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), currently the most widely used plasticizer in 3D printing, was also employed.
The experimental results demonstrated that the incorporation of plasticizers resulted in a decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and decomposition temperature (Td) of the photo-cured resins, thereby enhancing the softness of the 3D-printed products. The addition of plasticizers also led to a reduction in resin viscosity and accelerated aging effects, indicating that the plasticizers promote the mobility of molecular chains within the photo-resin. A comparison among the different plasticizers revealed that DMSU exhibited the most effective plasticizing properties in this study. One possible reason for this is the relatively small molecular weight of DMSU, which enhances its diffusion ability. Additionally, the high affinity between DMSU and oligomers reduces the intermolecular forces among the oligomers to a significant extent.
In the extrusion system, the incorporation of plasticizers enhanced the flexibility of the PCL/HA composite and led to a 70% increase in compressibility. Among the plasticizers investigated in this study, DMSU exhibited the highest efficiency due to its ability to improve the mechanical properties of the materials. Notably, DMSU and DBP performed similarly in this regard, highlighting the potential of DMSU as a non-toxic plasticizer.
The MTT test results indicated that the resin containing plasticizers exhibited comparable biocompatibility to the original resin. The integration of 3D porous structures, plasticizer addition, and dynamic stimulation further enhanced the proliferation of osteoblasts. Notably, the combination of 3D structures and plasticizer addition proved to be more effective in promoting cell viability through pulse compression. Among the various scaffolds, the cells cultured on 3D scaffolds containing DMSU demonstrated the highest viability, potentially due to the improved flexibility of the scaffold. The ALP results demonstrated that the integration of 3D structures and plasticizer addition facilitated early osteogenic activity. In particular, the presence of DMSU as the plasticizing agent led to earlier expression of ALP, highlighting the osteoinductive effects of the flexible 3D scaffolds developed in this research.

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