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研究生: 陳詩涵
Shih-Han Chen
論文名稱: 彩色平面顯示器之喜好膚色再現
Preferred Skin Colors Reproduction on Color Flat Panel Displays
指導教授: 羅明
Ronnier Luo
陳鴻興
Hung-Shing Chen
口試委員: 孫沛立
Pei-Li Sun
郭景明
Jing-Ming Guo
貝蘇章
Soo-Chang Pei
羅梅君
Mei-Chun Luo
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 應用科技學院 - 應用科技研究所
Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
論文出版年: 2013
畢業學年度: 101
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 149
中文關鍵詞: 顯示器喜好色再現膚色
外文關鍵詞: Display, Skin color, Preferred color reproduction
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  • 自然影像中的臉部區域通常是視覺評估的主要物件,膚色分析對於提升影像品質扮演重要的一部分。再現喜好膚色對於色彩應用系統的色彩再現是重要的因素之一,目前有許多膚色再現的方法已被提出。
    在色彩再現中,膚色調整可以根據主觀的評估方法來設計,因為觀測者的喜好對於影像品質評估是一重要的量測,這暗示了觀測者對特定影像的喜好滿意程度。因此,根據主觀評估結果,可將膚色透過色彩轉換至喜好的膚色,使得影像品質可有效被提升。所以找出喜好的膚色對於色彩再現是很重要的部分。
    本研究設計了三個心理物理實驗,透過東方實驗受測者來決定東方女性之喜好膚色在sRGB規格顯示器上的色度值和亮度值範圍。第一個實驗主要是探討測試影像在顯示器上不同的色溫與亮度設定對喜好膚色的影響。其結果表示受測者對膚色的喜好程度並不受影像內容與顯示器之色溫與亮度的不同設定而改變。
    第二個實驗則是透過實驗一的結果找出更精確的喜好膚色。並透過喜好分數的分析,建立且在CIELAB a*b*平面上畫出喜好分佈圖。而最後一個實驗則是探討在顯示器上人臉膚色的明度範圍與感知喜好程度的關係,在此透過臉部膚色之明度成分變化探討對喜好程度的影響。最後,本研究提出一色彩選擇的方法以製作影像從屬調色盤。此調色盤設計可方便地透過色彩量測或視覺評估來分析顯示影像的喜好色,同時亦可再現喜好色。
    本研究找出東方女性之最喜好膚色色度值 (C*ab, hab) 為 (25.4, 50.5) 與明度值L*為65。觀察者對於膚色偏好的差異上,色度成分比色相成分差異大,平均∆E*ab 單位差異為3.7。另外亦發現,在本研究所探討之接近日光的白點範圍與亮度範圍上,CIELAB在色適應上表現良好。本研究並提供了一個有效檢測影像品質與再現喜好膚色的方法。


    For applying natural images, the facial area is often the key object to be analyzed. Reproducing pleasing skin colors is one of important factors for achieving high image quality of color imaging systems. Hence, many methods to produce pleasing skin color have already been proposed.
    For color reproduction, preferred adjustment of skin color can be established according to subjective evaluation. Observer preference is an important measure for image quality evaluation, and indicates the degree of observer satisfaction with a specific image. Subsequently, the image quality can be improved effectively by means of transforming the skin colors in an image to the preferred skin colors. It is important to realize preferred skin color for preference color reproduction.
    Three psychophysical experiments were conducted to determine the preferred skin color ranges of East Asian women by East Asian observers on the chromatic and lightness components of CIELAB color space displayed on a sRGB-gamut display. In the first experiment, the preferred skin color was sought with different settings including correlated color temperatures (CCTs) and luminance levels of the display. The results indicate that the most preferred skin color on a display had small differences between various images varying in CCT, and luminance level.
    In the second experiment, a more accurate center of preferred skin color was produced. The preference scores were analyzed and the preference map of skin color in CIELAB a*b* plane was established. The aim of the last experiment was to examine the relationship between the lightness range of facial skin color and the perceived preference on a display. It was conducted to examine the effect of the lightness component on the preference of facial skin color. Finally, image-dependent color palette is proposed to apply to preferred skin color reproduction. It will be useful to analyze skin colors of displayed images, by friendly performances of color measurement, visual assessment and preferred color reproduction at a time.
    The current study reveals that the (C*ab, hab) value of the most preferred skin colors of East Asian women is (25.4, 50.5) with an L* value of 65. The observer variances in skin color preference are larger in chroma component than in hue component with a mean ∆E*ab units of 3.7. It was also found that CIELAB performs well as a chromatic adaptation transform for all the whites close to the white points set close to daylight illuminants with varying luminance levels studied. And an effective solution was provided for testing image quality of color display systems and reproducing preferred skin colors.

    中文摘要 i Abstract ii Acknowledgement iv List of Figures ix List of Tables xii Chapter 1 Introduction - 1 - 1.1 Background - 1 - 1.2 Motivation and Aim - 2 - 1.3 Contribution to Color Imaging Science - 2 - 1.4 Thesis Outline - 3 - 1.5 Publications - 4 - Chapter 2 Literature Survey - 7 - 2.1 Visual Perception - 7 - 2.1.1 Visual Pathways - 7 - 2.1.2 Color Perception - 9 - 2.1.3 Short-term Memory and Long-term Memory - 10 - 2.2 Colorimetry - 12 - 2.2.1 CIE Color Specification - 13 - 2.2.2 Uniform Color Space - 14 - 2.2.3 Color Difference Formulae - 16 - 2.3 Chromatic Adaptation Transforms - 20 - 2.3.1 von Kries Model - 20 - 2.3.2 CIECAT94 - 21 - 2.3.3 CMCCAT97 - 26 - 2.3.4 CMCCAT2000 - 28 - 2.3.5 CAT02 - 31 - 2.4 Psychophysics - 33 - 2.4.1 Ranking - 34 - 2.4.2 Category Judgment - 34 - 2.4.3 Pair Comparison - 35 - 2.4.4 Intra- and Inter-observer Differences - 35 - 2.5 Objective Color Reproduction - 36 - 2.6 Preferred Color and Memory Color - 39 - 2.6.1 Preferred Color of Skin Tone - 39 - 2.6.2 Memory Color of Skin Tone - 44 - 2.7 Summary - 48 - Chapter 3 Experimental Preparation - 49 - 3.1 Experimental Methodology - 49 - 3.2 Test Image - 51 - 3.3 Apparatus and Experimental Condition - 52 - 3.4 Device Characterization - 52 - 3.5 Participant - 54 - Chapter 4 Experiment I: Chromaticity Experiment with Various Settings - 55 - 4.1 Skin Color Region - 55 - 4.2 Generation of Images - 56 - 4.3 Experimental Procedure - 59 - 4.4 Results and Discussion - 61 - 4.4.1 The Preference Probability - 61 - 4.4.2 Observer Variability - 64 - 4.5 Summary - 68 - Chapter 5 Experiment II: Advanced Chromaticity Experiment - 70 - 5.1 Generation of Images - 70 - 5.2 Experimental Procedure - 71 - 5.3 Results and Discussion - 72 - 5.3.1 The Mean Evaluated Score - 72 - 5.3.2 The Similarity Judgment - 75 - 5.3.3 Observer Variability - 81 - 5.3.4 Comparing the Present Study with Others - 83 - 5.4 Summary - 85 - Chapter 6 Experiment III: Lightness Experiment - 86 - 6.1 Generation of Images - 86 - 6.2 Experimental Procedure - 86 - 6.3 Results and Discussion - 87 - 6.3.1 The Mean Evaluated Score - 87 - 6.3.2 Observer Variability - 90 - 6.3.3 Comparing the Present Study with Others - 91 - 6.4 Summary - 91 - Chapter 7 Color Palette Applying to Preferred Skin Color Reproduction - 93 - 7.1 To Create Image-dependent Color Palette - 93 - 7.2 To Measure Palette Colors - 97 - 7.3 To Reproduce Preferred Colors - 106 - 7.4 Results and Discussion - 111 - 7.4.1 Image-dependent Color Palette - 112 - 7.4.2 Measuring the Palette Colors - 116 - 7.4.3 Preferred Skin Color Reproduction - 121 - 7.5 Summary - 125 - Chapter 8 Conclusion - 127 - 8.1 Overview of Findings - 127 - 8.1.1 Experiment I (Chromaticity Experiment with Various Settings) - Investigation of Preferred Skin Color Center - 127 - 8.1.2 Experiment II (Advanced Chromaticity Experiment) - Finding of More Accurate Preferred Skin Color Center - 128 - 8.1.3 Experiment III (Lightness Experiment) - Examination of Lightness Component on Preferred Skin Color - 129 - 8.1.4 The Method of Preferred Skin Color Reproduction - 130 - 8.2 Summary - 131 - 8.3 Future Work - 133 - References - 135 - Appendix A: Test Image - 140 - Appendix B: Device Characterization - 143 - Appendix C: Experiment I - Supplementary Data - 147 - Appendix D: Experiment II - Supplementary Data - 148 - Appendix E: Topcon UA-1000A - 149 -

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