光固化成型法在快速原型技術中,製造複雜展品之應用已經成熟發展,且快速原型技術在許多工業上也被廣泛應用,但由於此項技術的低機械性質與熱性質,因此在工業應用上也成為很大的阻礙。竹子纖維為一種擁有獨特的多層結構與優異的機械性質的天然材料,在本次研究中,我們探討以PUA/HDDA為基材添加竹子纖維之機械性質和熱性質影響。為了使在竹子纖維與PUA/HDDA交聯,針對竹子纖維做Alkali和Silane兩種表面改質法。在實驗中,利用XRD,FTIR,Shore D標準硬度計,拉伸試驗,衝擊試驗,TGA,SEM和EDX來測試各項性質。在研究結果中,竹子纖維利用10% Alkali溶劑表面改質使結晶性增加至8.82%. SEM與EDX可以看出竹子纖維與PUA/HDDA基材結合。在機械性質上,應變提升29%,硬度也增加了2%。

Stereolithography is a well-established technique for producing complex part. This technique has been implemented in a lot of industrial sector, but parts fabricated by this technique exhibit low mechanical and thermal properties hindering a fast growing application by this technique. In other hand, bamboo is a natural biological material with unique multiscale structure and superior mechanical properties. In this research, we investigate the effect of the addition of bamboo fiber in mechanical and thermal properties. Test specimens were fabricated using polyurethane diacrylate (PUA) and 1,6 hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) photopolymer as matrix materials and bamboo fiber as reinforce materials. Adhesion problem between PUA/HDDA and bamboo has been solved by using two surface modifications of bamboo fiber, alkali treatment and silane treatment. Experiment was characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, hardness tester type shore D, universal tensile machine, impact testing, TGA, SEM, and EDX. As the result, bamboo which has been treated by 10% alkali solution has increases its crystalinity by 8.82%. FT-IR result shows silane-cellulose bonding after silane treatment. SEM image and EDX also shows a good adhesion between polymer and bamboo fiber. Mechanical properties also show an improvement. Mechanical strain has been improved up to 29% and hardness increases about 2%.

[1] A. Rosochowski and A. Matuszak, "Rapid tooling: the state of the art," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 106, pp. 191-198, 10/31/ 2000.
[2] X. Yan and P. Gu, "A review of rapid prototyping technologies and systems," Computer-Aided Design, vol. 28, pp. 307-318, 4// 1996.
[3] D. Karalekas and K. Antoniou, "Composite rapid prototyping: overcoming the drawback of poor mechanical properties," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 153–154, pp. 526-530, 11/10/ 2004.
[4] V. Canellidis, J. Giannatsis, and V. Dedoussis, "Genetic-algorithm-based multi-objective optimization of the build orientation in stereolithography," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 45, pp. 714-730, 2009/12/01 2009.
[5] W. Cheng, J. Y. H. Fuh, A. Y. C. Nee, Y. S. Wong, H. T. Loh, and T. Miyazawa, "Multi-objective optimization of part-building orientation in stereolithography," Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 1, pp. 12-23, 1995.
[6] A. M. Phatak and S. S. Pande, "Optimum part orientation in Rapid Prototyping using genetic algorithm," Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol. 31, pp. 395-402, 10// 2012.
[7] B. Qian, L. Zhang, Y. Shi, and G. Liu, "Support fast generation algorithm based on discrete-marking in stereolithgraphy rapid prototyping," Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 17, pp. 451-457, 2011.
[8] P. Danilevičius, S. Rekštytė, E. Balčiūnas, A. Kraniauskas, R. Širmenis, D. Baltriukienė, et al., "Laser 3D micro/nanofabrication of polymers for tissue engineering applications," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 45, pp. 518-524, 2// 2013.
[9] W. Ma, W.-C. But, and P. He, "NURBS-based adaptive slicing for efficient rapid prototyping," 2004, pp. 1309-1325.
[10] L. Zou, H. Jin, W.-Y. Lu, and X. Li, "Nanoscale structural and mechanical characterization of the cell wall of bamboo fibers," Materials Science and Engineering C, vol. 29, pp. 1375-1379, 2009.
[11] A. K. Ray, S. Mondal, S. K. Das, and P. Ramachandrarao, "Bamboo - A functionally graded composite-correlation between microstructure and mechanical strength," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 40, pp. 5249-5253, 2005.
[12] S. Amada and S. Untao, "Fracture properties of bamboo," Composites Part B:Engineering, vol. 32, pp. 451-459, 2001.
[13] S. Pilla, S. Gong, E. O'Neill, L. Yang, and R. M. Rowell, "Polylactide-recycled wood fiber composites," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 111, pp. 37-47, 2009.
[14] N. T. Phong, M. H. Gabr, K. Okubo, B. Chuong, and T. Fujii, "Enhancement of mechanical properties of carbon fabric/epoxy composites using micro/nano-sized bamboo fibrils," Materials and Design, vol. 47, pp. 624-632, 2013.
[15] A. P. Deshpande, M. Bhaskar Rao, and C. Lakshmana Rao, "Extraction of bamboo fibers and their use as reinforcement in polymeric composites," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 76, pp. 83-92, 2000.
[16] J. T. Kang and S. H. Kim, "Improvement in the mechanical properties of polylactide and bamboo fiber biocomposites by fiber surface modification," Macromolecular Research, vol. 19, pp. 789-796, 2011.
[17] A. Valadez-Gonzalez, J. M. Cervantes-Uc, R. Olayo, and P. J. Herrera-Franco, "Chemical modification of henequen fibers with an organosilane coupling agent," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 321-331, 4// 1999.
[18] M. J. John and R. D. Anandjiwala, "Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fiber-reinforced composites," Polymer Composites, vol. 29, pp. 187-207, 2008.
[19] M. Das and D. Chakraborty, "Influence of alkali treatment on the fine structure and morphology of bamboo fibers," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 102, pp. 5050-5056, 2006.
[20] Y. Yan, S. Li, R. Zhang, F. Lin, R. Wu, Q. Lu, et al., "Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Technology: Principle, Representative Technics, Applications, and Development Trends," Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol. 14, pp. 1-12, 2009.
[21] H. S. Byun and K. H. Lee, "A decision support system for the selection of a rapid prototyping process using the modified TOPSIS method," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 26, pp. 1338-1347, 2005.
[22] S. H. Masood and W. Rattanawong, "A generic part orientation system based on volumetric error in rapid prototyping," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 19, pp. 209-216, 2002.
[23] S. H. Masood, W. Rattanawong, and P. Iovenitti, "A generic algorithm for a best part orientation system for complex parts in rapid prototyping," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 139, pp. 110-116, 2003.
[24] J. Yang, H. Bin, X. Zhang, and Z. Liu, "Fractal scanning path generation and control system for selective laser sintering (SLS)," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 43, pp. 293-300, 2// 2003.
[25] S.-H. Chiu and D.-C. Wu, "Preparation and physical properties of photopolymer/SiO2 nanocomposite for rapid prototyping system," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 107, pp. 3529-3534, 2008.
[26] J. F. Schier and R. J. Juergens, "DESIGN IMPACT OF COMPOSITES ON FIGHTER AIRCRAFT PART 1. THEY FORCE A FRESH LOOK AT THE DESIGN PROCESS," Astronautics & aeronautics New York, N.Y., vol. 21, pp. 44-49, 75, 1983.
[27] S.-H. Chiu, T. Wicaksono Sigit, K.-T. Chen, and S.-H. Pong, "Morphology and properties of a photopolymer/clay nanocomposite prepared by a rapid prototyping system," in Science and Engineering of Composite Materials vol. 21, ed, 2014, p. 205.
[28] H.-T. Chiu, S.-H. Chiu, and J.-H. Wu, "Study on mechanical properties and intermolecular interaction of silicone rubber/polyurethane/epoxy blends," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 89, pp. 959-970, 2003.
[29] D. King and T. Tansey, "Alternative materials for rapid tooling," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 121, pp. 313-317, 2/28/ 2002.
[30] S. Kumar and J. P. Kruth, "Composites by rapid prototyping technology," Materials & Design, vol. 31, pp. 850-856, 2// 2010.
[31] W. Moreau and N. Viswanathan, "Applications of Radiation Sensitive Polymer Systems," in Ultraviolet Light Induced Reactions in Polymers. vol. 25, ed: AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 1976, pp. 107-134.
[32] V. Crivello J and W. Lam J. H, "The Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxy Resins," in Epoxy Resin Chemistry. vol. 114, ed: AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 1979, pp. 1-16.
[33] T. A. Speckhard, K. K. S. Hwang, S. B. Lin, S. Y. Tsay, M. Koshiba, Y. S. Ding, et al., "Properties of UV-curable polyurethane acrylates: Effect of reactive diluent," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 30, pp. 647-666, 1985.
[34] J. Dai, X. Gao, and G. Jiang, "Studies of structure and properties of photocrosslinked polyurethane acrylates," Die Makromolekulare Chemie, vol. 192, pp. 177-184, 1991.
[35] B. Turel Erbay and I. E. Serhatlı, "Synthesis of bis[(4-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]sulfone containing urethane acrylates and their applications," Progress in Organic Coatings, vol. 76, pp. 1-10, 1// 2013.
[36] H. Yan, A. Facchetti, and T. J. Marks, "Photopolymer-based dielectric materials and methods of preparation and use thereof," ed: Google Patents, 2011.
[37] S. Amada, Y. Ichikawa, T. Munekata, Y. Nagase, and H. Shimizu, "Fiber texture and mechanical graded structure of bamboo," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 28, pp. 13-20, // 1997.
[38] A. Krilov, "Corrosive properties of some Eucalypts," Wood Science and Technology, vol. 21, pp. 211-217, 1987/09/01 1987.
[39] N. Parameswaran and W. Liese, "On the fine structure of bamboo fibres," Wood Science and Technology, vol. 10, pp. 231-246, 1976/12/01 1976.
[40] K. Jayaraman, "Manufacturing sisal–polypropylene composites with minimum fibre degradation," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 63, pp. 367-374, 2// 2003.
[41] M. Z. Rong, M. Q. Zhang, Y. Liu, G. C. Yang, and H. M. Zeng, "The effect of fiber treatment on the mechanical properties of unidirectional sisal-reinforced epoxy composites," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 61, pp. 1437-1447, 8// 2001.
[42] H. Kraessig, "Cellulose chemistry and its applications, T. P. Nevell and S. H. Zeronian, Eds., Halsted Press, John Wiley, New York, 1985, 552 pp," Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Letters, vol. 25, pp. 87-88, 1987.
[43] "17. Derivatives of Cellulose," in Wood Chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions, ed, 1983.
[44] H. Kono and Y. Numata, "Two-dimensional spin-exchange solid-state NMR study of the crystal structure of cellulose II," Polymer, vol. 45, pp. 4541-4547, 6// 2004.
[45] I. Van de Weyenberg, T. Chi Truong, B. Vangrimde, and I. Verpoest, "Improving the properties of UD flax fibre reinforced composites by applying an alkaline fibre treatment," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 37, pp. 1368-1376, 9// 2006.
[46] L. Segal, J. J. Creely, A. E. Martin, and C. M. Conrad, "An Empirical Method for Estimating the Degree of Crystallinity of Native Cellulose Using the X-Ray Diffractometer," Textile Research Journal, vol. 29, pp. 786-794, 1959.
[47] A. K. Bledzki and J. Gassan, "Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres," Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 24, pp. 221-274, 5// 1999.
[48] B. Singh, M. Gupta, A. Verma, and O. S. Tyagi, "FT-IR microscopic studies on coupling agents: treated natural fibres," Polymer International, vol. 49, pp. 1444-1451, 2000.
[49] A. K. Bledzki, S. Reihmane, and J. Gassan, "Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber composites," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 59, pp. 1329-1336, 1996.
[50] S. Sreenivasan, P. B. Iyer, and K. R. K. Iyer, "Influence of delignification and alkali treatment on the fine structure of coir fibres (Cocos Nucifera)," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 31, pp. 721-726, 1996/01/01 1996.
[51] M. Das and D. Chakraborty, "Evaluation of improvement of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo fibers due to alkali treatment," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 107, pp. 522-527, 2008.
[52] P. Herrera-Franco, A. Valadez-Gonzalez, and M. Cervantes-Uc, "Development and characterization of a HDPE-sand-natural fiber composite," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 28, pp. 331-343, // 1997.
[53] P. J. Herrera-Franco and M. d. J. Aguilar-Vega, "Effect of fiber treatment on the mechanical properties of LDPE-henequen cellulosic fiber composites," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 65, pp. 197-207, 1997.
[54] L. G. Britcher, D. C. Kehoe, J. G. Matisons, and A. G. Swincer, "Siloxane Coupling Agents," Macromolecules, vol. 28, pp. 3110-3118, 1995/04/01 1995.
[55] M. F. Rosa, B.-s. Chiou, E. S. Medeiros, D. F. Wood, T. G. Williams, L. H. C. Mattoso, et al., "Effect of fiber treatments on tensile and thermal properties of starch/ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers/coir biocomposites," Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, pp. 5196-5202, 11// 2009.
[56] H. S. Kim, H. S. Yang, H. J. Kim, and H. J. Park, "Thermogravimetric analysis of rice husk flour filled thermoplastic polymer composites," Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 76, pp. 395-404, 2004/05/01 2004.
[57] V. Kumar, N. K. Sharma, and R. Kumar, "Dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties of bamboo-polylactic acid bionanocomposites," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 32, pp. 42-51, 2013.
[58] S.-H. Lee and S. Wang, "Biodegradable polymers/bamboo fiber biocomposite with bio-based coupling agent," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 37, pp. 80-91, 1// 2006.
[59] T. Wierzbicki and M. Doyoyo, "Determination of the Local Stress-Strain Response of Foams," Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 70, pp. 204-211, 2003.
[60] L. M. McGrath, R. S. Parnas, S. H. King, J. L. Schroeder, D. A. Fischer, and J. L. Lenhart, "Investigation of the thermal, mechanical, and fracture properties of alumina–epoxy composites," Polymer, vol. 49, pp. 999-1014, 2/18/ 2008.