由於多媒體資訊與網路的快速發展，使得資料的傳佈變得非常的快速與便捷，因此利用數位浮水印技術來宣告所有權在近年來是個相當熱門的探討議題。為了達成各種不同的需求，如強健性、透明度、盲解法(blindness)等等，有許多研究發展出高品質與多功能的數位浮水印技術。雖然這些研究提出了令人滿意地結果，但這些方法在硬體實做方面必需耗費大量的電路面積與能量消耗。對一般的嵌入式系統而言，電路面積與電池續電量是受限制地，所以導致這些文獻上所提出的高運算量演算法難以被運用在實際的嵌入式產品上。
在本論文中，我們致力於發展具能源效率之浮水印演算法研究。我們針對三種不同形態的浮水印演算法進行分析，並在不影響浮水印與影像品質之下提出低能源消耗的演算法。首先我們對於最基本形態的浮水印演算法進行改良，我們利用頻域係數來直接運算排序配對機制，因此得以簡化複雜的變異數運算。為了更進一步的節省能量消耗與達到盲解法的需求，我們對於基於展頻原理的浮水印演算法進行改良，在第二部分我們利提出的特殊逆向餘弦轉換法來取代原有的正逆餘弦轉換。由於在浮水印演算法中，頻域轉換通常佔有絕大部分的能量消耗，對於節省整體的能量消耗而言，能夠降低頻域轉換上的耗電量是個非常有效的方法。第三部分我們考慮到解決幾何轉換攻擊的動態影像浮水印演算法，我們利用一個混合式的架構來分別抵抗壓縮與幾何轉換的攻擊。對於一個壓縮過的動態影像而言，我們利用其頻域係數來直接嵌入浮水印資料，以達到抵抗壓縮及濾波器的攻擊及節省運算量的目的，接著我們在傅利葉頻域係數中嵌入樣本標記，來恢復受到仿射轉換攻擊的影像，利用所提出的偏傅利葉轉換及取樣式的逆向傅利葉轉，我們可以減少大量的能源消耗。為了量測與評估所提出的方法，我們利用Wattch量測工具集來進行模擬能量消耗與執行時間。另外在品質測量的實驗方面也顯示了所提出的方法能夠勝任各種不能的攻擊與破壞。

Digital watermarking is a potential method for copyright protection. In order to achieve robustness, transparency, blindness, and etc., much literature has discussed how to develop a high quality watermarking. Although these previous methods offer the satisfactory results for resisting many attacks, the complicated frameworks cost a lot of area and energy consumption for hardware implementation. Since the chip area and battery life of embedded systems are always restricted, these high complexity watermarking methods are not popular used nowadays.
In this dissertation, we are concerned with energy-efficient and robust watermarking technologies. We analyze the computational complexity for three type watermarking algorithms. First, we propose an improvement of basic watermarking algorithm. The frequency coefficients are exploited directly as the criterion for the permutation mapping. The energy and time consumption can be reduced without calculating variance parameter in spatial domain. Second, in order to further reduce power and achieve the requirement of blind extraction, we continue our study based on DS-CDMA based wateramrking algorithm. According to the properties of DCT and DS-CDMA, the inverse discrete cosine transform is qualified to substitute for both forward and inverse transform in proposed method. Thus, we can save quantities of energy and time consumption. Third, the study is focus on overcoming geometric attacks for video. The proposed algorithm provide the robustness via hide watermark in DCT domain, and supply the capability of resisting geometric attacks by embedded a group of template to DFT domain. For power saving, the watermark massage is embedded in DCT domain which is decoded from video directly. In additional, we propose partial DFT and downsampling methods to reduce the huge computational complexity. To validate the results, we employ Wattch toolset developed at Princeton University to evaluate power dissipation and execution time. Moreover, the quality measuring results show that the proposed watermarking algorithms is robust enough against several signal distortions.

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