由於電子廢棄物所含有的關鍵金屬具備極大回收與再利用潛力。此研究探討其內含之稀土金屬、鋰、鈷和錳以程序強化形式進行萃取回收，並且隨後進行選擇性沉澱。實驗中的三種電子廢棄物個別採用不同萃取溶液與程序進行回收處理。廢棄陰極射線管螢光粉含有釔和銪，該稀土元素透過硫酸作為萃取劑，分別以開放與封閉容器形式進行微波輔助萃取。廢棄鋰電池中含有鋰、鈷與錳，其透過抗壞血酸做為酸性來源與還原劑，於封閉式微波反應器中進行萃取。廢棄鎳氫電池中含有鑭、鈰和釹，進行兩階段式萃取。首先，使用半導體製程的廢棄磷酸進行傳統萃取，將重金屬析出，並且轉換稀土元素為磷酸鹽沉澱物；再透過硫酸進行第二階段次臨界流體萃取，即可有效萃取所有金屬。實驗過程中，評估酸與固體濃度、萃取溫度與動力式，以及能量需求等重要參數對萃取效率之影響。使用2M硫酸溶液、固體濃度10g/L、萃取時間30分鐘與反應溫度125°C的情況下，金屬釔和銪的分別獲得86.67% 和 100%的最佳萃取效率。相較於傳統加熱方法，封閉容器式微波萃取程序更加快速，且作為從廢棄陰極射線管螢光粉中回收稀土金屬的有效方法。以結晶產物 (Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 的形式，釔和銪的回收效率為 96.9 ± 0.26% 和 86.6 ± 0.76% 。使用0.5M抗壞血酸、加熱梯度 40°C/分鐘、固體濃度10g/L、反應時間 10分鐘與反應溫度125°C的情況下，廢棄鋰電池中的鋰、鈷與錳可以完全萃取。使用 0.1M抗壞血酸即可將廢棄鋰電池中的Co (III)還原為Co (II)，並透過XPS所得實驗結果證明。加入草酸後，萃取液中的鈷與錳的回收效率可達到97.66%與 58.99%。透過廢棄磷酸，第一階段之傳統萃取法即可以去除廢棄鎳氫電池中60 到 100% 的重金屬，而其中超過90%的稀土金屬被轉化為不易溶解的磷酸鹽形式。使用1M硫酸、固體濃度20g/L、反應時間 30分鐘與反應溫度125°C的情況下，稀土元素、鎳、鈷和錳可被完全萃取。利用次臨界流體萃取裝置中萃取液pH值的調整，稀土元素得以被選擇性回收。在pH值為1的情況下，鑭、鈰和釹在鹼金屬雙硫酸鹽沉澱物 NaREE(SO4)2·H2O 的形式之下，分別獲得82.59% 、 90.75% 和 85.97% 的回收效率，而SEM和XRD可證實其沉澱物為六方棒狀晶體。由此實驗結果得知：該複合式回收程序可作為從電子廢棄物中回收貴金屬的替代性方案，並從中實現永續性、循環經濟與環保價值。

The presence of critical metals in electronic waste (e-waste) provides great potential of recovery and reuse. The current study investigated leaching and recovery of critical metals including rare earth elements (REEs), Li, Co and Mn, from e-waste using process intensification followed by selective precipitation. Three kinds of e-waste were treated using different leaching process and leaching agent. Yttrium (Y) and europium (Eu) as critical rare earth elements (REEs) from waste CRT phosphor were leached out using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution in open- and closed-vessel microwave-assisted leaching. Lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn) from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) were leached out using ascorbic acid as acid and reducing reagent in closed-vessel microwave. Lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and neodymium (Nd) from spent nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries using two-stage leaching, firstly by conventional leaching with waste H3PO4 from semiconductor company for heavy metals and converting REEs to REE(PO4), and followed by second-stage subcritical water extraction (SWE) with H2SO4 for the complete leaching for all metals. Important parameters such as, the effects of acid strength, solid concentration, leaching temperature and kinetics, and energy requirement were assessed. Leaching efficiency of Y and Eu was 86.67% and 100%, respectively using 2 M of H2SO4 solution, at 10 g/L of solid concentration, 125°C, within 30 min of leaching time. When comparing with conventional heating process, closed-vessel microwave leaching process proved to be rapid, effective and efficient for REEs recovery from waste CRT phosphor. The crystallized product of (Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 was obtained with the recovery efficiency of 96.9 ± 0.26% for Y and 86.6 ± 0.76% for Eu. Complete leaching of Li, Co, and Mn from spent LIBs was obtained using 0.5 M of ascorbic acid, 40°C/min heating rate, 10 g/L, 125°C within 10 min of microwave-assisted extraction. Ascorbic acid could induce reduction of Co (III) in spent LIBs to Co (II), as evidenced by XPS analysis. Total of 97.66% of Co and 58.99% of Mn in leaching solution were recovered on the addition of oxalic acid. The first-stage conventional leaching removed 60 to 100% heavy metals, such as Ni, Co, Zn and Cd from spent NiMH batteries using waste H3PO4, and converted more than 90% REEs into insoluble REE(PO4) precipitates. Complete leaching of REEs, Ni, Co and Mn were achieved using 1 M of H2SO4 at 125°C for 30 min, of solid concentration of 20 g/L. REEs were selectively recovered by inducing precipitation through pH adjustment of leaching solutions of SWE. Precipitation at pH 1 resulted in 82.59% of La, 90.75% of Ce, and 85.97% of Nd recovered as REE alkali double sulfate precipitates, NaREE(SO4)2·H2O, with hexagonal rod-shape crystals. This study could be an alternative for comprehensive recovery process of critical metals from e-waste that benefits sustainability, metal circular economy and environmentally friendliness.

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