微電網內包含諸多分散式電源、儲能設備及負載，使電力潮流或故障電流不為固定方向，此外，併網模式及孤島模式下之故障電流差異及分散式電源間歇式發電特性等因素，使傳統過電流保護方式已無法滿足微電網之需求。
　　本文針對拓撲架構無環狀網路之微電網系統，提出一套以智慧型電子裝置(IED)、IEC 61850通訊協定及SCADA監控平台為基礎之微電網保護管理系統(PMS)，保護方面利用IED將量測之電壓、電流及開關狀態等運轉資訊回傳至SCADA，PMS透過拓撲分析及回傳資訊計算IED方向性過電流保護設定值並選擇對應之保護群組，使PMS具備隨微電網運轉狀態改變而自我調適之能力；協調方面利用IED邏輯規劃及IEC 61850定義之GOOSE機制，於IED間傳遞跳脫訊號及閉鎖訊號，以極小化故障清除時間與隔離空間。
　　本文以核研所微電網作為模擬系統，並利用ETAP電力系統分析軟體建立微電網系統模型，模擬不同運轉情境下PMS之自我調適能力，模擬結果顯示PMS於不同運轉情境下，皆可計算出適當之保護設定值並切換至IED對應保護群組，滿足微電網保護之目的。

　　Microgrid may comprise by a great number of distributed generators, energy storage devices and versatile loads. Consequently, the power or fault current flow may become bidirectional. In addition, the intermittent power characteristic of distributed generators and the difference of fault current between grid-connected mode and islanded mode make the conventional overcurrent protection schemes do not satisfy the requirement of microgrid.
　　In this research, a protection management system (PMS) of microgrid has been proposed, which is based on intelligent electronic device (IED), IEC 61850 communication protocol and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). PMS utilizes IED to measure electrical information of microgrid such as voltage, current, and breaker position. Besides, PMS calculates the pick-up setting of directional overcurrent protection function of IED through topology analysis and selects an appropriate setting group of IED based on the calculation result. In order to coordinate the tripping sequence of IED, tripping signals and blocked signals are transmitted among IED by logic programming and GOOSE message of IEC 61850. Therefore, the proposed protection system has the self-adaptive capability to deal with the dynamic changes of microgrid and isolate the fault as quickly as possible.
　　This research uses ETAP PowerStation software to build microgrid model of INER and verifies the self-adaptive capability of PMS under different cases. The simulation results show that PMS can calculate an appropriate pick-up setting and select the corresponding setting group of IED under different scenarios. As a result, PMS can achieve the goal of microgrid protection.

[1] P. Gupta, R. S. Bhatia, and D. K. Jain, “Adaptive Protection Schemes for the Microgrid in a Smart Grid Scenario: Technical Challenges,” in Proceeding of IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia, pp. 1-5, Bangalore, 10-13 November, 2013.
[2] H. J. Laaksonen, “Protection Principles for Future Microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 2910-2918, December 2010.
[3] C. Ozansoy, “Design of an Adaptive Protection System for Microgrids with Distributed Energy Resources in Accordance with IEC 61850-7-420,” in Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), pp. 474-478, Bursa, 26-28 November, 2015.
[4] L. Che, M. E. Khodayar, and M. Shahidehpour, “Adaptive Protection System for Microgrids: Protection Practices of a Functional Microgrid System,” IEEE Electrification Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 66-80, March 2014.
[5] F. Coffele, C. Booth, and A. Dyśko, “An Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Scheme for Distribution Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol 30, No. 2, pp. 561-568, April 2015.
[6] T. S. Ustun, C. Ozansoy, and A. Zayegh, “Differential Protection of Microgrids with Central Protection Unit Support,” in Proceeding of IEEE TENCON Spring Conference, pp. 15-19, Sydney, 17-19 April, 2013.
[7] M. Dewadasa, A. Ghosh, and G. Ledwich, “Protection of Microgrids Using Differential Relays,” in Proceeding of Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), pp. 1-6, Brisbane, 25-28 September, 2011.
[8] L. J. Jin, M. M. Jiang, and G. Y. Yang, “Fault Analysis of Microgrid and Adaptive Distance Protection Based on Complex Wavelet Transform,” in Proceeding of Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition , pp. 360-364, Shanghai, 5-8 November, 2014.
[9] H. Al-Nasseri, M. A. Redfern, and F. Li, “A Voltage based Protection for Micro-grids containing Power Electronic Converters,” in Proceeding of IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-7, Montreal, June 2006.
[10] S. Mirsaeidi, D. M. Said, M. W. Mustafa, M. H. Habibuddin, and K. Ghaffari, “An analytical literature review of the available techniques for the protection of micro-grids,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 58, pp. 300-306, June 2014.
[11] M. A. Zamani, T. S. Sidhu, and A. Yazdani, “A Protection Strategy and Microprocessor-Based Relay for Low-Voltage Microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 1873-1883, July 2011.
[12] J. Ma, W. Ma, X. Wang, and Z. P. Wang, “A New Adaptive Voltage Protection Scheme for Distribution Network With Distributed Generations,” Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 142-151, March 2014.
[13] A. Oudalov, A. Fidigatti, T. Degner, B. Valov, and C. Hardt, Novel protection systems for microgrids, Advanced Architectures and Control Concepts for MORE MICROGRIDS Work Package C, November 2009.
[14] B. P. Bhattarai, S. Chaudhary, and J. R. Pillai, “An Adaptive Overcurrent Protection in Smart Distribution Grid,” in Proceeding of IEEE Eindhoven Power Tech, pp. 1-6, Eindhoven, July 2015.
[15] M. García-Gracia, S. Borroy, L. Giménez de Urtasun, and M.P. Comech, “Novel protection scheme based on IEC61850,” Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 81, No. 12, December 2011.
[16] F. Coffele, S. Blair, C. Booth, J. Kirkwood, and B. Fordyce, “Demonstration of Adaptive Overcurrent Protection using IEC 61850 Communications,” in Proceeding of International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), pp. 1-4, Stockholm, 10-13 June, 2013.
[17] D. Ishchenko, A. Oudalov, and J. Stoupis, “Protection Coordination in Active Distribution Grids with IEC 61850,” in Proceeding of IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, pp. 1-6, Orlando, 7-10 May, 2012.
[18] J. H. Eto, R. H. Lasseter, B. Schenkman, J. Stevens, H. Volkommer, D. Klapp, E. Linton, H. Hurtado, J. Roy and N. Lewis, CERTS Microgrid Laboratory Test Bed, Public Interest Energy Research Program (PIER) Final Project Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, February 2009.
[19] R. H. Lasseter, “CERTS Microgrid,” in Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE), pp. 1-5, San Antonio, 16-18 April, 2007.
[20] 王成山，微電網分析與仿真理論，科學出版社，2013年11月。
[21] N. Hatziargyriou, Pilot Sites: Success Stories and Learnt Lessons, Microgrids: Architectures and Control, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2014.
[22] Steve Bossart, Renewable and Distributed Systems Integration Demonstration Projects, EPRI Smart Grid Demonstration Advisory Meeting, Albuquerque, 12-14 October, 2009.
[23] N. Hatziargyriou, H. Asano, R. Iravani, and C. Marnay, “Microgrids: An Overview of Ongoing Research, Development, and Demonstration Projects,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 78-94, July 2007.
[24] European Commission, Advanced Architectures and Control Concepts for More Microgrids, More Microgrids Project Final Results, 2009.
[25] N. Hatziargyriou, The More Microgrids Project, Demonstrations of smart electricity distribution network solutions, Contractors meeting, Brussels, 25 Septmber, 2009.
[26] EcoGrid, EcoGrid EU: From Implementation to Demonstration: A large scale demonstration of a real-time market for demand side participation, 2015.
[27] Y. Ding, P. Nyeng, J. Østergaard, etc., “Ecogrid EU – A Large Scale Smart Grids Demonstration of Real Time Market-based Integration of Numerous Small DER and DR,” in Proceeding of IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, pp. 1-7, Berlin, 14-17 October, 2012.
[28] R. G. Verdier,” GRID4EU-NICE GRID project: How to facilitate the integration of Distributed Energy Resources into the local grid? ,” in Proceeding of Saudi Arabia Smart Grid Conference (SASG), pp. 1-3, Jeddah, 14-17 December, 2014.
[29] GRID4EU, GRID4EU Periodic Report for Year 3, October 2014.
[30] B. A. Bremdal, EMPOWER: Local Electricity Retail Markets for Prosumer Smart Grid Power Services, NCE Smart and Narvik University College, April 2015.
[31] EMPOWER project website, http://empowerh2020.eu/., March 2016.
[32] Patrick Van Hove, R&D Activities in EU and Microgrids, Aalborg 2015 Symposium on Microgrids, Aalborg, 27-28 August, 2015
[33] Kazuyuki Takada, Microgrid Research in Japan & New Mexico Project, Vancouver 2010 Symposium on Microgrids, Vancouver, 21-22 July, 2010.
[34] Satoshi Morozumi, Smart Community Demonstration in NEDO, The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), 26 May, 2012.
[35] Zhao Bo, Nanji Island Microgrid Demonstration, Tianjin 2014 Symposium on Microgrids, Tianjin, 13-14 November, 2014.
[36] N.W.A. Lidula and A.D. Rajapakse, “Microgrids research: A review of experimental microgrids and test systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 186-202, January 2011.
[37] C. S. Wang, X. S. Yang, Z. Wu, Y. B. Che, L. Guo, S. H. Zhang, and Y. X. Liu, “A Highly Integrated and Reconfigurable Microgrid Testbed with Hybrid Distributed Energy Sources,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 451-459, January 2016.
[38] 陳玉濤，「中新天津生態城微網技術研究」，碩士學位論文，天津大學電氣與自動化工程學院，2012年6月。
[39] H. H. Xu, 10MW class Hydro/PV/Battery Hybrid Microgrid System in Yushu China, Santiago 2013 Symposium on Microgrids, Santiago, 9-10 September, 2013.
[40] 經濟部能源局，智慧電網總體規劃方案，2012年8月。
[41] 楊金石，台電智慧電網的推動與應用，台電綜合研究所，2011年。
[42] 台灣電力公司，微電網試驗場之研製，2011年。
[43] 左峻德、林法正，台灣智慧電網技術產業介紹，台灣智慧型電網產業協會，2014年4月。
[44] 核能研究所，獨立型微電網計畫，2014年11月。
[45] 張永瑞，「獨立型微電網系統技術發展與應用」，2015年台灣智慧電網技術研討會，2015年10月15日。
[46] 林法正，澎湖低碳島與智慧電網示範規劃，2012年。
[47] 張建國、黃怡碩、陳翔雄，「澎湖智慧電網示範系統規劃與推動」，中華民國第三十六屆電力工程研討會，2015年12月12-13日。
[48] H. Nikkhajoei and R. H. Lasseter, Microgrid Fault Protection Based on Symmetrical and Differential Current Components, Public Interest Energy Research Program (PIER) Final Project Report Appendix P, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, December 2006.
[49] 李育儒，「微電網保護系統規劃與設計」，碩士學位論文，中原大學電機工程學系，2011年7月。
[50] H. Laaksonen, D. Ishchenko and A. Oudalov, “Adaptive Protection and Microgrid Control Design for Hailuoto Island,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 1486-1493, May 2014.
[51] A. Oudalov, New Technologies for Microgrid Protection, Santiago 2013 Symposium on Microgrids, Santiago, 9-10 September, 2013.
[52] H. Laaksonen, Hailuoto PSCAD simulations, Smart Grid and Energy Markets, March 2012.
[53] P. P. Barker, and R. W. De Mello, “Determining the Impact of Distributed Generation on Power Systems: Part 1 - Radial Distribution Systems,” in Proceeding of IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, pp. 1645-1656, Seattle, 16-20 July, 2000.
[54] A. Oudalov, L. Milani, E. Ragaini, and A. Fidigatti, Sample Implementation of Adaptive Protection for Low Voltage Networks, PAC World Magazine, June 2012.
[55] Arcteq Relays, AQ-F215 Feeder Protection IED Instruction Manual, January 2014.
[56] 黃彥霖，「應用以IEC 61850為基礎之IED於智慧型電網之保護」，碩士學位論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，2011年6月。
[57] IEC 61850-5, Communication networks and system in substations Part 5: Communication requirements for functions and devices models, 2003.
[58] IEC 61850-7-2, Communication networks and systems for power utility automation Part 7-2: Basic information and communication structure - Abstract communication service interface (ACSI), 2010.
[59] R. E. Mackiewicz, “Overview of IEC 61850 and Benefits,” in Proceeding of IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition, pp. 376-383, Dallas, 21-24 May, 2006.
[60] 顏朝鋒，「IED群組設定於微電網保護管理系統之應用」，碩士學位論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，2015年6月。
[61] T. S. Ustun, “Design and Development of a Communication-Assisted Microgrid Protection System,” PhD Thesis, School of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, September 2013.
[62] D. Turcotte and F. Katiraei, “Fault Contribution of Grid-Connected Inverters,” in Proceeding of IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference, pp. 1-5, Montreal, 22-23 October, 2009.
[63] 黃聖凱，「實現以IEC 61850通訊為基礎之微電網保護系統」，碩士學位論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，2013年6月。
[64] 黃仰賢，「建置以IEC 61850為基礎之微電網保護管理系統」，碩士學位論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，2014年7月。
[65] X. Wang and X. Li, “Fault Recovery of Micro-grid Based on Network Reconfiguration,” in Proceeding of IEEE Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, pp. 1-4, Shanghai, 27-29 March, 2012.
[66] F. Shariatzadeh, C. B. Vellaithurai, S. S. Biswas, R. Zamora, and A. K. Srivastava, “Real-Time Implementation of Intelligent Reconfiguration Algorithm for Microgrid,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 598-607, April 2014.
[67] D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, amd Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989.
[68] 蘇木春、張孝德，機器學習：類神經網路、模糊系統以及基因演算法則，修訂二版，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，2004年。
[69] 林昇甫、徐永吉，遺傳演算法及其應用，五南圖書，2009年。
[70] R. H. Kumar and S. Ushakumari, “Optimal Management of Islanded Microgrid using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization,” in proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Advances in Green Energy, pp. 251-257, Trivandrum, 17-18 December, 2014.