自從3年多前3D電影阿凡達上映，再度掀起新的一波3D熱潮。3D顯示技術與相關應用雖然推陳出新，發展迅速，但3D電視的市場並沒有顯著的成長。這意味著有些因素使3D科技無法普及。推廣3D產品的主要障礙在於缺乏好的節目，與當消費者長時間觀賞3D視訊內容可能帶來的視覺不適。而造成在立體影像中的視覺不適的主因是立體串擾所產生的鬼影，以及雙眼色彩競爭。本論文可分為兩個主要的研究「立體串擾對視覺舒適度的影響」與「色彩競爭」。對於開發更舒適的的3D顯示器，本論文建立具體的優化指標。

在立體串擾的研究方面，前人的研究比較專注於如何定義合理的立體串擾評估指標，以及對視覺舒適度及影像品質的影響。較少對較影像內容的特性做研究，因此本研究藉由一連串的心物實驗探討雙眼像差、背景色對比、立體串擾、銳利化處理對視覺舒適度與鬼影明顯程度的影響。實驗結果顯示：(1)雙眼像差(視差角)在影響視覺舒適度的部分頗具顯著性，當雙眼像差極小時，立體串擾量的大小對視覺舒適度的影響不大。當雙眼像差極大且視差角超過1.5o時隨立體串擾增大將使視覺舒適度急劇下降。(2)鬼影並不與視覺舒適度相關，即使3D影像的鬼影程度十分明顯，並不會使視覺舒適度評分成比例下降。(3) 本研究建議在正常人眼視差(最大視差角1度)，且視覺舒適度評分為平庸(等級4)以上時，在理想且無系統串擾的3D電視，其立體串擾的程度閾值為2.5%。所以實際運用上要將系統串擾考量進去，(4)本研究不建議對3D影像使用影像銳化處理。

在雙眼色彩競爭的研究方面，本研究目的在了解哪一種類型的階調差異容易產生顯著的色彩競爭，導致影像不舒適。所以想在本研究找尋在人眼視覺舒適度的恰可感覺差異(just noticeable difference, JND)閾值，因此我們設計實驗研究當雙眼間階調改變時色彩閾值，實驗結果顯示：(1) 亮度與色溫調整的色彩競爭閾值較高，可能是透過人眼雙眼各自獨立的亮度適應與色度適應機制，補償了兩眼之間的色差。(2)人眼視覺系統並不能補償兩眼間的對比差、色相偏移。(3)使用CIECAT02色適應模式先分別處理左右眼影像的XYZ值，再到CIELAB空間比較色差，可使不同色調調變方式的閾值彼此接近。

Three-dimension (3D) movie became popular since the 3D movie “Avatar” released in 2010. 3D display technology and related applications emerge and develop rapidly, but the 3D TV market is growing slowly. It means there are some factors making 3D TV not yet been wide-accepted. The primary two reasons are: (1) limited 3D programs, and (2) it causes visual discomfort when consumers are watching 3D video content for a long time. People feel the visual discomfort is partly invoked by 3D Crosstalk and Binocular Color Rivalry (BCR) of 3D images. The aim of this study is to assess the visual comfort (VC) of 3D crosstalk thresholds and binocular color-rivalry thresholds for 3D displays
Previous studies on 3D Crosstalk focused on how to define 3D Crosstalk or to estimate the impact of 3D Crosstalk on visual comfort and image quality (IQ). The present study investigated the impact of binocular disparity angles (BD), background contrast, sharpness on visual comfort and ghosting by a series of psycho-visual experiments. The experimental results showed that, (1) BD has significant impact on VC. The 3D Crosstalk has no impact on VC when the amount of BD is less, but when binocular disparity angle is less than 1.5 degrees, the increasing of 3D Crosstalk will decrease the VC value. (2) Ghosting is not highly correlated to VC. Even significant ghosting can be observed, the VC value does not decline in proportion. (3) The recommended tolerance of 3D crosstalk is 2.5%. (4) Image sharpening is not recommended for displaying 3D images.
In the CR study, the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) thresholds of the Visual Comfort (VC) were investigated pychovisually for 7 types of between-eye image differences including luminance, gamma, contrast, color temperature, chroma, hue and random tone differences. The experimental results show that: (1) the VC threshold values are higher when increasing the luminance and color temperature differences between two-views, (2) changing contrast or hue to single view resulting in low threshold values indicates the type of differences easily inducing binocular rivalry, and (3) luminance adaptation and chromaticity adaptation play important role on the variations of VC thresholds. Applying CIECAT02 (CIE Chromatic Adaption Transform 2002) to each view before calculating the between-eye color differences could reduce the variations.

大田登原著 (2008)，色彩工程學，全華，台灣。
王俊貴(民99年2月2號)，認識[3D TV]廬山真面目，民 101年 7月取自http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/3d-blog/article?mid=411。
李開偉著 (2009)，實用人因工程學(第三版)，全華，台灣。
紀佳芬、林房儹 (1998)，電腦作業視覺疲勞的量測方法，勞工安全衛生簡訊,28，5-8。
許精益、黃乙白 (2007)，3D立體顯示技術之發展與研究，光學工程第九十八期。
孫沛立、張廷源 (2011)，立體顯示器雙眼影像色調差異的容忍度閾值，第十二屆國際色彩科學研討會，第247-254頁。
陳瑩山(民100年1月25日)，探討3D的形成與壓力的由來，民 101年 7月:http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/dr-eye/article?mid=-2&next=504&l=f&fid=12
鐘榮峯 (2010)，3D電視跨出第一步，零組件雜誌，222，58-61。
黃雪玲、王珮嘉、陳冠妤、謝閔翰 (2011)。立體顯示器影像品質之人因工程(I)行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(報告編號: NSC 99-2221-E-007-085-MY2)，未出版。
雷光涵 (2008) http://mag.udn.com/mag/campus/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=135962
胡國瑞、孫沛立、徐道義、陳鴻興、黃日鋒、詹文鑫、羅梅君著 (2009)，顯示色彩工程學，全華，台灣。
羅梅君 (2011)，數位色彩管理科學：色彩度量學，藍海文化，台灣。

英文部份
3DC (2011). 3DC Safety Guidelines for Dissemination of Human-friendly 3D, 3D Consortium (3DC) Safety/Guidelines Section
G.W. Alpers and A. B. M. Gerdes (2010). Temporarily blind in one eye : emotional pictures predominate in binocular rivalry. (1st ed) In J. McCoun., and L. Reeves (Eds), Binocular Vision: Development, Depth Perception and Disorders (Eye and Vision Research Developments), Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 161-188.
W. Chen, J. Fournier, M. Barkowskyand P. L. Callet (2012). Quality of experience model for 3DTV, Proc SPIE.
X. Chen and S. He (2004). Local factors determine the stabilization of monocular ambiguous and binocular rivalry stimuli, Current Biology, 14:1013–1017.
D. Cunningham and C. Wallraven (2012). Experimental Design: From User Studies to Psychophysics. Boca Raton, FL, : CRC Press
A. Chopin, P. Mamassian and R. Blake (2012). Stereopsis and rivalry are based on perceived rather than physical orientations, Vision Research, 63: 63-68.
M. Fairchild (2005). Color Appearance Models, 2nd ed., Wiley, 181.
R. C. Gonzalez and R. E.Woods (2007), Digital Image Processing. (3rd ed.).N.Y. USA : Prentice Hall
A. Hanazato, M. Okui, H. Yamanoue and I. Yuyama (1999). Evaluation of crosstalk in stereoscopic display, Proc 3D Image Conference, 258–263.
I. Howard and B. J. Rogers (2008). Binocular Vision and Stereopsis, Oxford University Press, 325-328.
ICDM (2012). Information Display Measurements Standard, Ver. 1.03, International Committee for Display Metrology (ICDM).
W. A. Ijsselsteijn, H. de Ridder and R. Hamberg (1998). Perceptual factors in stereoscopic displays: The effect of stereoscopic filming parameters on perceived quality and reported eye-strain, Proc. SPIE, 3299:282-291.
W. Ijsselsteijn, H. de Ridder, J. Freeman and S. Avons (2000). Presence: Concept, determinants and measurement, Proc SPIE, 3959:520-529.
W. A. Ijsselsteijn, H. de Ridder, R. Hamberg, D. Bouwhuis and J. Freeman (1998). Perceived depth and the feeling of presence in 3DTV, Displays.
M. Ikeda and K. Sagawa (1976). Binocular color fusion limit, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69(2): 316–320.
Y. Jung, H. Sohn, S.L. Lee, Y. M. Ro and H.W. Park (2011). Quantitative measurement of binocular color fusion limit for non-spectral colors, Optics Express, 19(8):7325-7338
D. H. Kang, K. S. Bae and G. C. Yoon (2011). Crosstalk visibility in stereoscopic displays, SID 11 Digest, P-3.
D. Khaustova., L. Blonde., Q. H. Thu., C. Vienne., and D. Doyen (2012). Method and simulation to study 3D crosstalk perception, Proc SPIE.
S. Kim, J. YoshiTake, T. Kawai, O. Yamada and A. Iguchi (2010). Ergonomic evaluation of visual artifacts in stereoscopic display devices, Proc. IMID.
F. Kooi and A. Toet (2004). Visual comfort of binocular and 3D displays, Displays, 25:99–108.
M. T. M. Lambooij, W. A. Ijsselstein and I. Heynderickx (2007). Visual discomfort in stereoscopic displays: a review, Proc SPIE.
L. Lipton (1987). Factors affecting ghosting in time-multiplexed plano-stereoscopic CRT display systems, Proc SPIE, 761:75-78.
L. Lipton (2009). http://lennylipton.wordpress.com/2009/03/16/glossary/
E. Lueder (2012). 3D Displays. Hoboken , N J : John Wiley & Sons
M. R. Luo, G. Cui, B. Rigg (2001). The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formula: CIEDE2000, Color Research and Application, 26(5): 340–350.
L. Meesters, W. IJsselsteijn and P. Seuntiens (2004). A survey of perceptual evaluations and requirements of three-dimensionalTV, IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 14:381–391.
D. Minoli (2010). 3DTV Content Capture, Encoding and Transmission: Building the Transport Infrastructure for Commercial Services, Wiley, 29-46.
S. Pastoor (1995). Human factors of 3D images: Results of recent research at Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Berlin, IDW 95, 3D-7.
X. L. Qin, M. Takamatsu and Y. Nakashima (2009). Effects of luminance and size of stimuli upon binocular color fusion limit, Optical Review, 16:404-408.
E. Reinhard, E. A.Khan , and A. O. Akyuz (2008). Color Imaging fundamentals and applications, London: A K Peters, Ltd.
C. Sano, T. Song and M. R. Luo (2003). Color differences for complex images, Proc. 11th IS&T/SID CIC Conf., 121-125.
P. J. H. Seuntiens ( 2006). Visual Experience of 3D TV, PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
S. Shestak, D. Kim and Y .Kim(2012). How much crosstalk can be allowed in a stereoscopic system at various grey levels?, Proc SPIE.
R. Snowden, P. Thompson and T. Troscianko (2006). Basic Vision: An Introduction to Visual Perception, N.Y. USA : Oxford University Press
P. L. Sun, T.Y. Chang, and M. R. Luo (2012). The Inference of crosstalk-related factors on 3D visual comfort, Proc. 1st Laser Display Conf..
P. L. Sun, T. H. Tseng, T. Y. Chang and M. R. Luo (2011). Assessing visual comfort and perceptual image quality of stereoscopic 3D TVs”, Proc. EuroDisplay, 79.
P. L. Sun, T. H. Tseng, T. Y. Chang and M. R. Luo (2011). Human factors of stereoscopic 3D TV under various ambient illuminations, IMID 2011, SID, 48-51.
I. Tsirlin, R.S. Allison and L. M. Wilcox (2012). Crosstalk reduces the amount of depth seen in 3D images of natural scenes", Prof. SPIE, 8288.
L. Wang., K. Teunissen., Y. Tu., L. Chen., P. Zhang., T. Zhang., and I. Heynderickx et al.,(2011). Crosstalk Evaluation in Stereoscopic Displays, Journal of display technology, 7(4):208-214
J. M. Wolfe (1986). Stereopsis and binocular rivalry, Psychological Review, 93(3).
A. J. Woods (2010). Understanding crosstalk in stereoscopic displays , Proc,3DSA.
J. Woods (2011). How are crosstalk and ghosting defined in the stereoscopic literature? Proc. SPIE, 7863.
S. Yano, M. Emoto and T. Mitsuhashi(2004). Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images, Displays, 25:141–150.