During all these years, the used car market is blooming constantly. It causes various used car trading damages because of the asymmetry of information between the seller and buyer. For that reason, this business is in dire need of vehicle data to be reliable for the involved parties. To address and reconcile the disputes breaking out because of the transaction not being transparent, the proposed approach adopts blockchain technology to establish a susceptible mechanism that stores and shares vehicle details without any ambiguity.
To store large data in blockchain, decentralized storage is produced called InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) which is a peer to peer protocol for hypermedia storage and it is also content addressable. IPFS stores data and returns its hash function, to implement decentralization of blockchain data storage. This research integrates IPFS with a blockchain system for maintaining car records and conducting auction. A secure and reliable system to maintain and rack used car transaction design on the basis of consortium blockchain. The main focus of this system was to guarantee reliability of the maintenance record of the used cars.
Then implementation of a smart contract enables a distributed and trustworthy policy to control the access for the used car auction process. Using the proposed system, the car owners can upload vehicle maintenance records and sell their vehicle by auction scheme through DApp application. The system provides authentic vehicle maintenance record to the used car dealer and because of elimination of third party involvement in auction process, price are relatively reduced and a used car dealer and car owner can get reasonable price. In addition, a detailed security analysis is presented to assess the security strength of the proposed system as well as the prospective attacks.

During all these years, the used car market is blooming constantly. It causes various used car trading damages because of the asymmetry of information between the seller and buyer. For that reason, this business is in dire need of vehicle data to be reliable for the involved parties. To address and reconcile the disputes breaking out because of the transaction not being transparent, the proposed approach adopts blockchain technology to establish a susceptible mechanism that stores and shares vehicle details without any ambiguity.
To store large data in blockchain, decentralized storage is produced called InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) which is a peer to peer protocol for hypermedia storage and it is also content addressable. IPFS stores data and returns its hash function, to implement decentralization of blockchain data storage. This research integrates IPFS with a blockchain system for maintaining car records and conducting auction. A secure and reliable system to maintain and rack used car transaction design on the basis of consortium blockchain. The main focus of this system was to guarantee reliability of the maintenance record of the used cars.
Then implementation of a smart contract enables a distributed and trustworthy policy to control the access for the used car auction process. Using the proposed system, the car owners can upload vehicle maintenance records and sell their vehicle by auction scheme through DApp application. The system provides authentic vehicle maintenance record to the used car dealer and because of elimination of third party involvement in auction process, price are relatively reduced and a used car dealer and car owner can get reasonable price. In addition, a detailed security analysis is presented to assess the security strength of the proposed system as well as the prospective attacks.

Abstract in English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.1 Consensus Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.2 Smart Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.3 Hashing in Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 InterPlanetary File System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1 Blockchain in Used Car Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 System using Blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) Technologies . . . . . 20
3.3 Blockchain in auction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4 System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 Process Flow of Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.1 Process of Input Data by Car Owner . . . . . . . . 30
4.3.2 Process of Query by Car Dealer and Car Owner . . 32
4.3.3 Auction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5 System Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.1 System Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.1.1 Quorum Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.1.2 DApps (Javascript, Web3.js and Metamask) . . . . 39
5.1.3 InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2 Smart Contract Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.2.1 Create user registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.2.2 Car Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2.3 Car query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2.4 Auction Car registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.5 Bidding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2.6 Closed Bidding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3 The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) Implementation . . 49
5.4 Application Interface implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.1 Metamask User Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.2 Application Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6 System Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.1 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.2 Security Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

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