論文中首先以微米級錫金屬為前驅物，均勻散佈於葡萄糖水溶液後，於水熱環境中進行反應，製備出奈米級SnOx/C複合材料；再利用溶液法於材料中沉積金屬添加物，高溫處理後形成SnOx/C @ M ( M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al2O3)，並從中探討添加物含量、種類與製備條件對材料物性以及其電化學表現的影響。
第一部分探討銅比例對SnOx/C @ M複合材料之物性及電化學特性之影響。本研究進行1%、3%、5%三種銅比例，發現1%與3%含量下，材料顆粒粒徑較小且分布較均勻。另外，以電流密度50 mA/g及電壓範圍為0.005-3.0 V下，進行電化學測試。發現含1%銅的材料首圈放電電容量為879 mAh/g，第一圈庫倫效率為66%，且於長循環測試下，第50圈電容維持率為72%。而添加3% 銅與5% 銅的樣品其首圈放電電容量分別為882 mAh/g與1143 mAh/g，首圈庫倫效率為73% 與51%，且於長循環測試下，50圈電容維持率分別為69%與36%。由此可知，三種銅比例下添加1%與3% 銅的樣品，其電池循環效率較添加5% 銅的樣品高，推測當銅含量過高時會造成活性物質的團聚，而使顆粒變大，導致電容量衰退較快。
本研究亦以3%添加量為基礎，探討不同添加物種類(銅、鐵、鈷、鎳以及氧化鋁)對SnOx/C @ M複合材料之物性及電化學特性之影響。 添加鐵後的材料，其首圈放電為1253 mAh/g、庫倫效率為75%，於長循環測試下，第30圈電容量維持率為36%；鈷沉積的材料，首圈放電為1264 mAh/g、庫倫效率為40%，第30圈電容量維持率為44%。而鎳和氧化鋁首圈放電為1211 mAh/g與1159 mAh/g，第一圈庫倫效率則分別為76% 和52% ，而30圈後電容量維持率分別為59% 與20%。由電化學測試可知，添加銅後的樣品其電容量衰退情形較其他添加物少。由於銅與錫之間的表面能差小，使兩者在高溫處理時能形成較小顆粒的合金，而使電極有較穩定的電化學表現。
由上述電化學結果顯示，製備之材料其第一圈不可逆相當高，穩定性也不佳，且實驗過程中常發現材料會有氧化甚至劇烈燃燒的現象，為有效改善此問題，進一步設計絕氧裝置。以SnOx/C @ Cu實驗結果顯示，利用絕氧裝置首圈電容量為1046 mAh/g，且首圈庫倫效率由73% 提升至86%。而長循環下電容量為首圈電容量的70%。為確定高速率下電極的穩定度，而以電流密度200 mAh/g，電壓範圍0.01 V-3.0 V進行充放電測試，結果顯示首圈放電電容量為816 mAh/g、庫倫效率為74%，且100圈後電容量為首圈電容量的99.04%。由此可知隔絕大氣後，材料不容易被氧化，而碳能完善的包覆於材料表面，因此於長循環充放電後，電池仍能維持良好的電性表現。
然而為了提升電容量，於高溫處理時利用不同還原氣氛，將二氧化錫還原成錫金屬。其電化學測試中，首圈放電電容量為1225 mAh/g，第一圈之庫倫效率為80%，且長循環測試下，電容量維持率為84%。若以高速率200 mA/g的電流密度以及電壓範圍0.01-3V下進行測試，則首圈放電電容量為1131 mAh/g，首圈庫倫效率達87%，且200圈後電容量維持率為80%。

Nano-sized SnOx/C composites were synthesized using micron-size tin as a precursor in well-dispersed glucose solutions that were hydrothermally treated followed by the deposition of metal additives after treatment via a solution method. The material properties and electrochemical performance of the SnOx/C @ M (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al2O3) were studied as a function of metal additives, amount of metal additives, and synthesis conditions.
In the first part, different ratios of Cu (1%, 3% and 5%) additive was compared where scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the Sn-Cu alloy of 1% and 3% Cu addition having better dispersion on the carbon layer and smaller particle size than the addition of 5% Cu. From electrochemical tests, the first cycle discharge capacity of 1% Cu addition was 879 mAh/g, and the first cycle coulombic efficiency was 66%. As for 3% and 5% Cu addition, the first cycle discharge capacity were 882 mAh/g and 1143 mAh/g, as well as the first cycle coulombic efficiency were 73% and 51%, respectively running between 5 mV to 3 V at a 50 mA/g current density.
Addition of 1% and 3% Cu also showed stable capacity retention of 72% and 69% after 50 cycles compared to first cycle capacities where the addition of 5% Cu only showed 36% retention. As the result, 1% and 3% Cu addition were more stable than 5% Cu addition. Because Sn would aggregate to be large particle, when Cu loaded is higher, which result in rapidly capacity fading.
In the second part, the addition of the different metal additives (Cu, Fe, Co, Ni and Al2O3) were studied from their relationship with Sn and electrochemical test where it was found that after the addition of Fe, the first discharge capacity was 1253 mAh/g and the first cycle columbic efficiency was 75% but showed a capacity retention of 36%, while the addition of Co showed the first discharge capacity was 1264 mAh/g, but both low first cycle coulombic efficiency and low capacity retention of 40% and 44%, respectively. The first discharge capacity were 1211 mAh/g and 1159 mAh/g, and first cycle coulombic efficiency for the addition of Ni and Al2O3 were 76% and 52% as well as low capacity retention of 59% and 20%, respectively. These results suggest that Cu remained the superior metal additive. Because the surface energy between Cu and Sn were lower than other additives, it would form smaller particle size of alloy during heat treatment.
Although improvements over efficiency were found with the addition of Cu, the composite material still showed low coulombic efficiency due to the oxidation of Sn during exposure to the ambient air. To circumvent this issue, an air-isolated apparatus was designed to transfer the SnOx/C @ Cu composite material and reduce ambient air exposure during electrode fabrication. The results showed the first cycle discharge was 1046 mAh/g by an increase of first cycle coulombic efficiency from 73% to 86% and a capacity retention of 70%. Furthermore, under an increased current density of 200 mA/g, the first cycle discharge was 816 mAh/g, as well as the first cycle columbic efficiency was 74%, and the capacity retention was as high as 99.04% after 100 cycles. Because air isolated composite material could be better embedded in carbon layer, and become uniform core-shell like structure.
Finally, in an attempt to reduce tin metal and prolong the cycle life of the composite material the purging gas during high temperature sintering was changed to other gas in order to increase the electrical conductivity by N-doping carbon and tin. The results show that the first discharge capacity was 1225 mAh/g as well as the first cycle columbic efficiency was 80%, and the capacity retention was 84% after 30 cycles. Under a 200 mA/g current density cycling, the first discharge capacity was 1131 mAh/g as well as first cycle columbic efficiency was 87%, and the capacity retention was 80% after 200 cycles.

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