使用加入了硝酸鹽或/及硫化物的甲烷基批式培養槽，可同時去除硫化物、硝酸鹽、碳。加了硫化物的培養槽，濃度範圍50—500mg N/L的硝酸鹽可有效地做反硝化形成氮氣。從這反應機制可提出反硝化作用發生，自營為第一途徑，異營為第二途徑。經探討微生物群得知自營反硝化途徑經由epsilon proteobacterium (例如 Thiomicrospira denitrificans)進行。 在有加硫化物和沒加硫化物的培養槽中，異營反硝化途徑皆藉由Thauera sp.發生。
在沒有硫化物且硝酸鹽初始濃度在250 mg N/L 的培養槽中， 硝酸鹽還原途徑會稍微轉移到DNRA上。若長時間移除硫化物，且留下硝酸鹽類，在開始實驗後32小時硫化物會還原成元素硫。經由活性硫酸鹽還原菌的異營養化途徑，之後可近乎恢復成初始濃度。為了能達到完全去除硫化物，在硫酸鹽還原菌活性提高之前，元素硫產生需要先被移除。在培養槽添加硝酸鹽初始濃度750和1000 mg N/L 的情況下， 由氮氧化物中間體可觀察到這種菌株活動的抑制。這種抑制則不會讓硫化物恢復。
在產生甲烷時，單加入硝酸鹽濃度50—500mg N/L 導致延遲甲 烷基機制。於硝酸鹽濃度750—1000 mg N/L下，則會完全發生抑制。 此外，於濃度100mg S/L硫化物下加入硝酸鹽類會減少甲烷產生， 而在濃度200mg S/L硫化物會發生嚴重抑制甲烷生成。 然而， 當只有硫化物單獨加入時，抑制沒有添加硝酸鹽類那麼嚴重。在所有培養槽中，由於反硝化反應是抑制中間體，主要是亞酸鹽和氮氧化物累積。由此可說明，第一次發生反硝化作用亦可同時抑制甲烷基。

Simultaneous sulfide, nitrate and carbon removal in the effect of nitrate and/or sulfide addition using methanogenic cultures was investigated using batch cultures. In cultures supplemented with sulfide, 50--500 mg N/L nitrate efficiently denitrified to nitrogen gas. The mechanism proposed was denitrification occurred via autotrophic pathway first, followed by heterotrophic pathway. Microbial community probing suggests that autotrophic denitrification were carried out by epsilon proteobacterium (for example Thiomicrospira denitrificans). The heterotrophic pathway was carried out by Thauera sp. in both cultures with and without the addition of sulfide.
Nitrate reduction pathway slightly shifted to DNRA in cultures with no addition of sulfide, starting at intial nitrate concentration 250 mg N/L. In term of sulfide removal, with the presence of nitrate, sulfide was reduced to elemental sulfur in 32 hours after the assay began. Due to the activity of sulfate reducing strains, it was later recovered back to nearly initial concentration via heterotrophic oxidation pathway. To achieve complete sulfide removal, elemental sulfur yielded need to be removed before sulfate reducing strains become active. Suppression to this strain activity due to N-oxides intermediates was observed on cultures supplemented with nitrate at initial concentration of 750 and 1000 mgN/L. This suppression then leads to no sulfide recovery.
On methane production, sole addition of nitrate at concentration 50--500 mg N/L resulted in delay of methanogenesis. At concentration 750--1000 mg N/L, a complete suppression occurred. Addition of nitrate along with sulfide at concentration 100 mg S/L decrease methane production, while at concentration 200 mg S/L, severe inhibition occurred. However, when sulfide was dose alone, the inhibition was not as severe as when it was added with nitrate. In all cultures, inhibition was due to denitrification intermediates, mainly by accumulation of nitrite and nitrous oxide. This strongly suggests that denitrification occurred first while at the same time inhibit methanogenesis.

Adav, S. S., Lee, D.-J., Wang, A. & Ren, N. 2009. Functional consortium for hydrogen production from cellobiose: Concentration-to-extinction approach. Bioresource Technology, 100, 2546-2550.
Aelion, C. M. & Warttinger, U. 2009. Low sulfide concentrations affect nitrate transformations in freshwater and saline coastal retention pond sediments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41, 735-741.
Akarsubasi, A. T., Ince, O., Kirdar, B., Oz, N. A., Orhon, D., Curtis, T. P., Head, I. M. & Ince, B. K. 2005. Effect of wastewater composition on archaeal population diversity. Water Research, 39, 1576-1584.
Akunna, J. C., Bizeau, C. & Moletta, R. 1992. Denitrification in anaerobic digesters: Possibilities and influence of waste water COD/N-NOx ratio. Environmental Technology, 13, 825-836.
Akunna, J. C., Bizeau, C. & Moletta, R. 1993. Nitrate and nitrite reductions with anaerobic sludge using various carbon sources: Glucose, glycerol, acetic acid, lactic acid and methanol. Water Research, 27, 1303-1312.
Aminzadeh, B., Torabian, A., Azimi, A. A., Nabi Bidhendi, G. R. & Mehrdadi, N. 2010. Salt Inhibition Effects on Simultaneous Heterotrophic/Autotrophic Denitrification of High Nitrate Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4, 255-262.
Aslam, Z., Im, W. T., Kim, M. K. & Lee, S. T. 2005. Flavobacterium granuli sp. nov., isolated from granules used in a wastewater treatment plant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 55, 747-51.
Bender, R. A. & Friedrich, B. 1990. Regulation of assimilatory nitrate reductase formation in Klebsiella aerogenes W70. J. Bacteriol., 172, 7256-7259.
Brunet, R. C. & Garcia-Gil, L. J. 1996. Sulfide-induced dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia in anaerobic freshwater sediments. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 21, 131-138.
Calli, B., Mertoglu, B., Inanc, B. & Yenigun, O. 2005. Methanogenic diversity in anaerobic bioreactors under extremely high ammonia levels. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 37, 448-455.
Campos, J. L., Carvalho, S., Portela, R., Mosquera-Corral, A. & Méndez, R. 2008. Kinetics of denitrification using sulphur compounds: Effects of S/N ratio, endogenous and exogenous compounds. Bioresource Technology, 99, 1293-1299.
Cardoso, R. B., Sierra-Alvarez, R., Rowlette, P., Flores, E. R., Gómez, J. & Field, J. A. 2006. Sulfide oxidation under chemolithoautotrophic denitrifying conditions. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 95, 1148-1157.
Chaiprapat, S., Mardthing, R., Kantachote, D. & Karnchanawong, S. 2011. Removal of hydrogen sulfide by complete aerobic oxidation in acidic biofiltration. Process Biochemistry, 46, 344-352.
Chen, C., Ren, N., Wang, A., Liu, L. & Lee, D.-J. 2010a. Enhanced performance of denitrifying sulfide removal process under micro-aerobic condition. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179, 1147-1151.
Chen, C., Ren, N., Wang, A., Liu, L. & Lee, D.-J. 2010b. Functional consortium for denitrifying sulfide removal process. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 86, 353-358.
Chen, C., Ren, N., Wang, A., Yu, Z. & Lee, D.-J. 2008a. Microbial community of granules in expanded granular sludge bed reactor for simultaneous biological removal of sulfate, nitrate and lactate. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 79, 1071-1077.
Chen, C., Ren, N., Wang, A., Yu, Z. & Lee, D.-J. 2008b. Simultaneous biological removal of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon using EGSB reactor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 78, 1057-1063.
Chen, C., Wang, A., Ren, N., Kan, H. & Lee, D.-J. 2008c. Biological breakdown of denitrifying sulfide removal process in high-rate expanded granular bed reactor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 81, 765-770.
Chen, C., Wang, A., Ren, N., Lee, D.-J. & Lai, J.-Y. 2009. High-rate denitrifying sulfide removal process in expanded granular sludge bed reactor. Bioresource Technology, 100, 2316-2319.
Chen, Y., Cheng, J. J. & Creamer, K. S. 2008d. Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review. Bioresource Technology, 99, 4044-4064.
Clarens, M., Bernet, N., Delgenès, J.-P. & Moletta, R. 1998. Effects of nitrogen oxides and denitrification by Pseudomonas stutzeri on acetotrophic methanogenesis by Methanosarcina mazei. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 25, 271-276.
Conrad, R. & Klose, M. 2011. Stable carbon isotope discrimination in rice field soil during acetate turnover by syntrophic acetate oxidation or acetoclastic methanogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 1531-1539.
De Araújo, J. C. & Schneider, R. P. 2008. DGGE with genomic DNA: Suitable for detection of numerically important organisms but not for identification of the most abundant organisms. Water Research, 42, 5002-5010.
Demirel, B. & Scherer, P. 2008. The roles of acetotrophic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens during anaerobic conversion of biomass to methane: a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 7, 173-190.
Dworkin, M. & Falkow, S. 2006. The Prokaryotes: Archaea. Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes, Springer.
Dworkin, M. M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K. H. & Stackebrandt, E. 2005. The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Springer Verlag.
Edenborn, S. L. & Sexstone, A. J. 2007. DGGE fingerprinting of culturable soil bacterial communities complements culture-independent analyses. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39, 1570-1579.
Fernández, N., Sierra-Alvarez, R., Field, J. A., Amils, R. & Sanz, J. L. 2008. Microbial community dynamics in a chemolithotrophic denitrification reactor inoculated with methanogenic granular sludge. Chemosphere, 70, 462-474.
Foglar, L., Briski, F., Sipos, L. & Vukovic, M. 2005. High nitrate removal from synthetic wastewater with the mixed bacterial culture. Bioresource Technology, 96, 879-888.
Gallego, V., Garcia, M. T. & Ventosa, A. 2006. Pedobacter aquatilis sp. nov., isolated from drinking water and emended description of the genus Pedobacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 56, 1853-8.
Ghafari, S., Hasan, M. & Aroua, M. K. 2008. Bio-electrochemical removal of nitrate from water and wastewater--A review. Bioresource Technology, 99, 3965-3974.
Gommers, P. J. F., Buleveld, W. & Gus Kuenen, J. 1988. Simultaneous sulfide and acetate oxidation in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor--I. Start-up and reactor performance. Water Research, 22, 1075-1083.
González-Sánchez, A. & Revah, S. 2007. The effect of chemical oxidation on the biological sulfide oxidation by an alkaliphilic sulfoxidizing bacterial consortium. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 40, 292-298.
Grabowski, A., Tindall, B. J., Bardin, V., Blanchet, D. & Jeanthon, C. 2005. Petrimonas sulfuriphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic fermentative bacterium isolated from a biodegraded oil reservoir
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 1113–1121.
Haakensen, M., Dobson, C. M., Deneer, H. & Ziola, B. 2008. Real-time PCR detection of bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes Phylum. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 125, 236-241.
Hong, X., Zhang, X., Liu, B., Mao, Y., Liu, Y. & Zhao, L. 2010. Structural differentiation of bacterial communities in indole-degrading bioreactors under denitrifying and sulfate-reducing conditions. Research in Microbiology, 161, 687-693.
Hulshoff Pol, L. W., Lens, P. N. L., Stams, A. J. M. & Lettinga, G. 1998. Anaerobic treatment of sulphate-rich wastewaters. Biodegradation, 9, 213-224.
Hwang, K., Shin, S., Kim, J. & Hwang, S. 2008. Methanogenic profiles by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis using order-specific primers in anaerobic sludge digestion. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 80, 269-276.
Ji, N., Peng, B., Wang, G., Wang, S. & Peng, X. 2004. Universal primer PCR with DGGE for rapid detection of bacterial pathogens. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 57, 409-413.
Jiang, G., Gutierrez, O., Sharma, K. R. & Yuan, Z. 2010. Effects of nitrite concentration and exposure time on sulfide and methane production in sewer systems. Water Research, 44, 4241-4251.
Jing, C., Ping, Z. & Mahmood, Q. 2010. Influence of various nitrogenous electron acceptors on the anaerobic sulfide oxidation. Bioresource Technology, 101, 2931-2937.
Jing, C., Zheng, P. & Mahmood, Q. 2008. Effect of sulfide to nitrate ratios on the simultaneous anaerobic sulfide and nitrate removal. Bioresource Technology, 99, 5520-5527.
Jung, Y. T., Lee, S. Y., Choi, W. C., Oh, T. K. & Yoon, J. H. 2011. Pedobacter boryungensis sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.
Karakashev, D., Batstone, D. J., Trably, E. & Angelidaki, I. 2006. Acetate Oxidation Is the Dominant Methanogenic Pathway from Acetate in the Absence of Methanosaetaceae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 5138-5141.
Kawai, M., Matsutera, E., Kanda, H., Yamaguchi, N., Tani, K. & Nasu, M. 2002. 16S ribosomal DNA-based analysis of bacterial diversity in purified water used in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol, 68, 699-704.
Keyser, M., Witthuhn, R. C., Lamprecht, C., Coetzee, M. P. A. & Britz, T. J. 2006. PCR-based DGGE fingerprinting and identification of methanogens detected in three different types of UASB granules. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 29, 77-84.
Kim, J., Shin, S. G., Han, G., O'flaherty, V., Lee, C. & Hwang, S. 2011. Common key acidogen populations in anaerobic reactors treating different wastewaters: Molecular identification and quantitative monitoring. Water Research, 45, 2539-2549.
Kisand, V. & Wikner, J. 2003. Limited resolution of 16S rDNA DGGE caused by melting properties and closely related DNA sequences. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 54, 183-191.
Kleerebezem, R. & Mendez, R. 2002. Autotrophic denitrification for combined hydrogen sulfide removal from biogas and post-denitrification. Water Sci Technol, 45, 349-56.
Klüber, H. D. & Conrad, R. 1998. Inhibitory effects of nitrate, nitrite, NO and N2O on methanogenesis by Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanobacterium bryantii. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 25, 331-339.
Koenig, A. & Liu, L. H. 2002. Use of limestone for pH control in autotrophic denitrification: continuous flow experiments in pilot-scale packed bed reactors. Journal of Biotechnology, 99, 161-171.
Kotsyurbenko, O. R., Chin, K.-J., Glagolev, M. V., Stubner, S., Simankova, M. V., Nozhevnikova, A. N. & Conrad, R. 2004. Acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methane production and methanogenic populations in an acidic West-Siberian peat bog. Environmental Microbiology, 6, 1159-1173.
Kouss&eacute;mon, M., Combet-Blanc, Y. & Ollivier, B. 2003. Glucose Fermentation by <i>Propionibacterium microaerophilum</i> : Effect of pH on Metabolism and Bioenergetic. Current Microbiology, 46, 0141-0145.
Kwon, S. W., Son, J. A., Kim, S. J., Kim, Y. S., Park, I. C., Bok, J. I. & Weon, H. Y. 2011. Pedobacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov. and Pedobacter soli sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.
Laskin, A. I., Gadd, G. M. & Sariaslani, S. 2009. Advances in Applied Microbiology, Academic Press.
Lee, S., Maken, S., Jang, J.-H., Park, K. & Park, J.-W. 2006. Development of physicochemical nitrogen removal process for high strength industrial wastewater. Water Research, 40, 975-980.
Lens, P. N. L., Visser, A., Janssen, A. J. H., Pol, L. W. H. & Lettinga, G. 1998. Biotechnological Treatment of Sulfate-Rich Wastewaters. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 41 - 88.
Lev&eacute;n, L., Eriksson, A. R. B. & Schn&uuml;rer, A. 2007. Effect of process temperature on bacterial and archaeal communities in two methanogenic bioreactors treating organic household waste. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 59, 683-693.
Li, W., Zhao, Q.-L. & Liu, H. 2009. Sulfide removal by simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic desulfurization-denitrification process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162, 848-853.
Liamleam, W. & Annachhatre, A. P. 2007. Electron donors for biological sulfate reduction. Biotechnology Advances, 25, 452-463.
Lin, J. T., Goldman, B. S. & Stewart, V. 1994. The nasFEDCBA operon for nitrate and nitrite assimilation in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al. J Bacteriol, 176, 2551-9.
Liu, B., Zhang, F., Feng, X., Liu, Y., Yan, X., Zhang, X., Wang, L. & Zhao, L. 2006. Thauera and Azoarcus as functionally important genera in a denitrifying quinoline-removal bioreactor as revealed by microbial community structure comparison. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 55, 274-286.
Mahmood, Q., Zheng, P., Cai, J., Wu, D., Hu, B. & Li, J. 2007. Anoxic sulfide biooxidation using nitrite as electron acceptor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 147, 249-256.
Malin, C. & Illmer, P. 2008. Ability of DNA content and DGGE analysis to reflect the performance condition of an anaerobic biowaste fermenter. Microbiological Research, 163, 503-511.
Manconi, I., Carucci, A., Lens, P. & Rossetti, S. 2006. Simultaneous biological removal of sulphide and nitrate by autotrophic denitrification in an activated sludge system. Water Sci Technol, 53, 91-9.
Mata-Alvarez, J., Mac&eacute;, S. & Llabr&eacute;s, P. 2000. Anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. An overview of research achievements and perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 74, 3-16.
Mateju, V., Cizinsk&aacute;, S., Krejc&iacute;, J. & Janoch, T. 1992. Biological water denitrification--A review. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 14, 170-183.
Mechichi, T., Stackebrandt, E. & Fuchs, G. 2003. Alicycliphilus denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a cyclohexanol-degrading, nitrate-reducing beta-proteobacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 53, 147-52.
Michalski, R. & Kurzyca, I. 2006. Determination of nitrogen species (Nitrate, Nitrite and Ammonia Ions) in environmental samples by ion chromatography. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15, 5-18.
Miletto, M., Bodelier, P. L. E. & Laanbroek, H. J. 2007. Improved PCR-DGGE for high resolution diversity screening of complex sulfate-reducing prokaryotic communities in soils and sediments. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 70, 103-111.
Mohanakrishnan, J., Gutierrez, O., Meyer, R. L. & Yuan, Z. 2008. Nitrite effectively inhibits sulfide and methane production in a laboratory scale sewer reactor. Water Research, 42, 3961-3971.
Neubauer, H. & Gotz, F. 1996. Physiology and interaction of nitrate and nitrite reduction in Staphylococcus carnosus. Journal of bacteriology, 178, 2005-2009.
Nicolaisen, M. H. & Ramsing, N. B. 2002. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approaches to study the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 50, 189-203.
Pad&iacute;n, J. R. V. 2009. Autotrophic nitrogen removal in granular sequencing batch reactors. Doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
Park, S., Seon, J., Byun, I., Cho, S., Park, T. & Lee, T. 2010. Comparison of nitrogen removal and microbial distribution in wastewater treatment process under different electron donor conditions. Bioresource Technology, 101, 2988-2995.
Percheron, G., Bernet, N. & Moletta, R. 1999. Interactions between methanogenic and nitrate reducing bacteria during the anaerobic digestion of an industrial sulfate rich wastewater. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 29, 341-350.
Percheron, G., Michaud, S., Bernet, N. & Moletta, R. 1998. Nitrate and nitrite reduction of a sulphide-rich environment. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 72, 213-220.
Ranjard, L., Poly, F. & Nazaret, S. 2000. Monitoring complex bacterial communities using culture-independent molecular techniques: application to soil environment. Research in Microbiology, 151, 167-177.
Ravindran, A., Adav, S. & Yang, S.-S. 2010. Effect of heat pre-treatment temperature on isolation of hydrogen producing functional consortium from soil. Renewable Energy, 35, 2649-2655.
Reyes-Avila, J., Razo-Flores, E. & Gomez, J. 2004. Simultaneous biological removal of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur by denitrification. Water Research, 38, 3313-3321.
Ridnour, L. A., Sim, J. E., Hayward, M. A., Wink, D. A., Martin, S. M., Buettner, G. R. & Spitz, D. R. 2000. A Spectrophotometric Method for the Direct Detection and Quantitation of Nitric Oxide, Nitrite and Nitrate in Cell Culture Media. Analytical Biochemistry, 281, 223-229.
Rittmann, B. E. & Mccarty, P. L. 2001. Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications, New York, McGraw Hill.
Roest, K., Heilig, H. G. H. J., Smidt, H., De Vos, W. M., Stams, A. J. M. & Akkermans, A. D. L. 2005. Community analysis of a full-scale anaerobic bioreactor treating paper mill wastewater. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 28, 175-185.
Rouse, J. D., Bishop, C. A. & Struger, J. 1999. Nitrogen pollution: an assessment of its threat to amphibian survival. Environ Health Perspect, 107.
Roy, R. & Conrad, R. 1999. Effect of methanogenic precursors (acetate, hydrogen, propionate) on the suppression of methane production by nitrate in anoxic rice field soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 28, 49-61.
Saitou, N. & Nei, M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4, 406-425.
Sanz, J. L. & K&ouml;chling, T. 2007. Molecular biology techniques used in wastewater treatment: An overview. Process Biochemistry, 42, 119-133.
Scheff, G., Salcher, O. & Lingens, F. 1984. <i>Trichococcus flocculiformis</i> gen. nov. sp. nov. A new gram-positive filamentous bacterium isolated from bulking sludge. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19, 114-119.
Scholten, J. C., Culley, D. E., Brockman, F. J., Wu, G. & Zhang, W. 2007. Evolution of the syntrophic interaction between Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Methanosarcina barkeri: Involvement of an ancient horizontal gene transfer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 352, 48-54.
Schulthess, R. V., K&uuml;hni, M. & Gujer, W. 1995. Release of nitric and nitrous oxides from denitrifying activated sludge. Water Research, 29, 215-226.
Scott, J., Mccarthy, M., Gardner, W. & Doyle, R. 2008. Denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and nitrogen fixation along a nitrate concentration gradient in a created freshwater wetland. Biogeochemistry, 87, 99-111.
Shao, M.-F., Zhang, T. & Fang, H. 2010. Sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification: diversity, biochemistry and engineering applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 88, 1027-1042.
Shen, J., He, R., Han, W., Sun, X., Li, J. & Wang, L. 2009. Biological denitrification of high-nitrate wastewater in a modified anoxic/oxic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172, 595-600.
Shin, H. S., Jung, J. Y., Bae, B. U., Paik, B. C. & 1995. Phase-Separated Anaerobic Toxicity Assays for Sulfate and Sulfide
Water Environment Research, 67, 802-806
Shin, S. G., Lee, C., Hwang, K., Ahn, J. H. & Hwang, S. 2008. Use of order-specific primers to investigate the methanogenic diversity in acetate enrichment system. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 35, 1345-52.
Shrimali, M. & Singh, K. P. 2001. New methods of nitrate removal from water. Environmental Pollution, 112, 351-359.
Sierra-Alvarez, R., Beristain-Cardoso, R., Salazar, M., G&oacute;mez, J., Razo-Flores, E. & Field, J. A. 2007. Chemolithotrophic denitrification with elemental sulfur for groundwater treatment. Water Research, 41, 1253-1262.
Smet, E., Lens, P. & Langenhove, H. V. 1998. Treatment of Waste Gases Contaminated with Odorous Sulfur Compounds. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 89-117.
Speece, R. E. 1996. Anaerobic biotechnology for industrial wastewaters, Archae Press.
Supaphol, S., Jenkins, S. N., Intomo, P., Waite, I. S. & O'donnell, A. G. 2011. Microbial community dynamics in mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of mixed waste. Bioresource Technology, 102, 4021-4027.
Tait, S., Clarke, W. P., Keller, J. & Batstone, D. J. 2009. Removal of sulfate from high-strength wastewater by crystallisation. Water Research, 43, 762-772.
Tang, K., An, S. & Nemati, M. 2010. Evaluation of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes in biofilm reactors used for removal of sulphide, nitrate and COD. Bioresource Technology, 101, 8109-8118.
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., Stensel, H. D., Metcalf & Eddy 2003. Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse, McGraw-Hill.
Tiedje, J. M. Year. Ecology of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. In: Biology of anaerobic microorganisms, 1988. John Wiley & Sons, 179-244.
Tugtas, A. E. & Pavlostathis, S. G. 2007a. Effect of sulfide on nitrate reduction in mixed methanogenic cultures. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 97, 1448-1459.
Tugtas, A. E. & Pavlostathis, S. G. 2007b. Electron donor effect on nitrate reduction pathway and kinetics in a mixed methanogenic culture. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 98, 756-763.
Tugtas, A. E. & Pavlostathis, S. G. 2007c. Inhibitory effects of nitrogen oxides on a mixed methanogenic culture. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 96, 444-455.
Van Rijn, J., Tal, Y. & Schreier, H. J. 2006. Denitrification in recirculating systems: Theory and applications. Aquacultural Engineering, 34, 364-376.
Vanselow, A. P. 1940. Preparation of Nessler's Reagent. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, 12, 516-517.
Visser, J. M., Robertson, L. A., Van Verseveld, H. W. & Kuenen, J. G. 1997. Sulfur Production by Obligately Chemolithoautotrophic Thiobacillus Species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 2300-2305.
Wang, H., Jin, L. & Zhang, H. 2011. Comparison of the diversity of the bacterial communities in the intestinal tract of adult Bactrocera dorsalis from three different populations. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 110, 1390-1401.
Watanabe, K., Kodama, Y. & Harayama, S. 2001. Design and evaluation of PCR primers to amplify bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA fragments used for community fingerprinting. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 44, 253-262.
Wei, C.-H., Wang, W.-X., Deng, Z.-Y. & Wu, C.-F. 2007. Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19, 264-270.
Whitman, W., Bowen, T. & Boone, D. 2006. The Methanogenic Bacteria. In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K.-H. & Stackebrandt, E. (eds.) The Prokaryotes. Springer New York.
Wong, B.-T. & Lee, D.-J. 2011a. Denitrifying sulfide removal and carbon methanogenesis in a mesophilic, methanogenic culture. Bioresource Technology, 102, 6673-6679.
Wong, B.-T. & Lee, D.-J. 2011b. Sulfide enhances methanogenesis in nitrate-containing methanogenic cultures. Bioresource Technology, 102, 2427-2432.
Xiao, Y., Zeng, G. M., Yang, Z. H., Liu, Y., Ma, Y. H., Yang, L., Wang, R. J. & Xu Zh, Y. 2009. Coexistence of nitrifiers, denitrifiers and Anammox bacteria in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor as revealed by PCR-DGGE. J Appl Microbiol, 106, 496-505.
Yamamoto, T., Kajiura, S., Hirai, Y. & Watanabe, T. 1994. Capnocytophaga haemolytica sp. nov. and Capnocytophaga granulosa sp. nov., from human dental plaque. Int J Syst Bacteriol, 44, 324-9.
Yoon, H. S., Aslam, Z., Song, G. C., Kim, S. W., Jeon, C. O., Chon, T. S. & Chung, Y. R. 2009. Flavobacterium sasangense sp. nov., isolated from a wastewater stream polluted with heavy metals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 59, 1162-6.
Yoon, M. H., Ten, L. N., Im, W. T. & Lee, S. T. 2007. Pedobacter panaciterrae sp. nov., isolated from soil in South Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 57, 381-6.
Zhang, D.-J. 2003. The integration of methanogenesis with denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 15, 423-432.
Zhao, Y., Ren, N. & Wang, A. 2008. Contributions of fermentative acidogenic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria to lactate degradation and sulfate reduction. Chemosphere, 72, 233-242.
Zhou, X., Chen, C., Wang, A., Liu, L.-H., Ho, K.-L., Ren, N. & Lee, D.-J. 2011a. Rapid acclimation of methanogenic granular sludge into denitrifying sulfide removal granules. Bioresource Technology, 102, 5244-5247.
Zhou, X., Liu, L., Chen, C., Ren, N., Wang, A. & Lee, D.-J. 2011b. Reduction of produced elementary sulfur in denitrifying sulfide removal process. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 90, 1129-1136.
Zumft, W. G., Viebrock, A. & K&ouml;rner, H. 1988. Biochemical and physiological aspects of denitrification. In: Cole, J. & Ferguson, S. (eds.) The nitrogen and sulphur cycles. Forty-second symposium of the society for general microbiology held at the University of Southampton, January 1988. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.