隨著物聯網技術的快速發展，居家醫療診斷技術徹底改變了個人化醫療保健和無線遠端醫療。自供電感測器的發展克服了傳統感測器的許多限制，使健康生理監測系統更能掌握病患詳細之生理資訊，對糖尿病患者的病情監控產生了莫大的幫助。然而，為了設計攜帶方便且可連續監控的感測器，所面對的動力來源將會是一大問題，例如電池的壽命、複雜的電路設計以及長時間待機等；因此，以摩擦起電為基礎的摩擦起電感測器能有效地解決上述的問題。藉由靜電感應和接觸起電的共軛效應，使摩擦起電感測器透過運動過程中收集能量轉換為電力進而實現自供電感測器；且因結構簡單、材料選擇性多，使自供電摩擦起電感測器在未來的發展備受矚目。
葡萄糖是生物體內細胞活動的主要能量來源，可作為監控人體的生理狀態之關鍵因素。在眾多生物感測器中，具有分子專一性的酵素型生物感測器是最早被提出並廣泛應用於生物檢測，因為酵素種類與數量繁多且能有效避免其他干擾物所產生的訊號，因此酵素型生物感測器在研究上與實際應用上備受重視。在本論文的第四章中，我們設計了氮摻雜石墨烯量子點修飾聚苯胺複合電極提升酵素型摩擦起電葡萄糖感測器之靈敏度，可實現以非侵入式檢測方法監控汗液中的葡萄糖濃度，提升了其應用於穿戴式生醫感測元件的實用可行性。本研究透過利用富含電子官能團的氮摻雜石墨烯量子點來增加電極表面電荷，進一步的促進了聚苯胺的電荷轉移能力進而增益表面摩擦起電之電荷量。酵素型氮摻雜石墨烯量子點修飾聚苯胺摩擦起電感測器在葡萄糖檢測方面具有良好的靈敏度(23.52 mM-1)以及抗干擾能力。此外，在穿戴式檢測方面則無需連接外部電源即可點亮LED燈，並可透過亮度來判斷其葡萄糖濃度，證明自供電可穿戴式摩擦起電感測器實現非侵入式監測人體生理狀態的可行性。
然而，酵素型葡萄糖感測器在使用上依然有相當多的限制，最常見和嚴重的問題是來自酵素本質的穩定性不足。因此，為了解決上述問題，本研究的第五章設計出一種非酵素型葡萄糖分子模板修飾電極應用於摩擦起電葡萄糖感測器，能檢測人體血液中的葡萄糖濃度並實現自供電的監控裝置。本研究使用3-氨基苯硼酸單體與葡萄糖分子透過電聚合法製備葡萄糖分子模板修飾電極，透過電化學石英晶體微量天平可觀察到此電極吸附葡萄糖分子前後表面重量的改變。此電極會隨著表面葡萄糖吸附/脫附而產生不同的表面性質，當電極表面吸附高濃度的葡萄糖時，分子模板電極表面會形成硼陰離子並提高表面電負度，進而增加表面摩擦起電輸出。此外，此種非酵素型摩擦起電感測器具有無需外部電源供應即可點亮多個LED燈的功能，以實現自供電葡萄糖濃度警示裝置能有效監控人體血液中的血糖濃度。從本論文結果證實氮摻雜石墨烯量子點修飾聚苯胺電極及葡萄糖分子模板修飾電極能夠應用於摩擦起電葡萄糖感測器中，且兩者皆具有傑出的選擇性、良好的靈敏度以及重複利用性等優勢，並可透過自供電感測平台隨時監測人體內葡萄糖濃度。

With the rapid development of IoT technology, point of care (POC) has revolutionized personalized healthcare and wireless telemedicine. The development of self-powered sensors has overcome many limitations of traditional sensors, enabling the health physiological monitoring system to better check the detailed physiological information of patients, which has greatly helped the condition monitoring of diabetic patients. However, in order to design a portable and continuous monitoring sensor, the power source will become an issue, such as the battery life, complex circuit design, and long-term standby; the emergence of the triboelectric sensor can effectively solve the above problems. By the coupling effect of electrostatic induction and contact electrification, the triboelectric sensor collects energy during human movement and converts the kinetic into electricity to realize a self-powered sensor which attracted much attention.
Glucose is one of the metabolites in human sweat, which can be used as a key factor to monitor the physiological state of the human body during exercise. Among many sensors, enzymatic biosensors are the first to be used to make biosensors in the history of biosensor development, due to the various types and quantities of enzymes. In Chapter 4, we developed a cutting-edge enzymatic wearable self-powered triboelectric sensor through a non-invasive method, providing a breakthrough in physiological monitoring. To improve the reliability and sensitivity of conductive polymer sensors, N-doped graphene quantum dots-modified polyaniline nanocomposites were used as triboelectric layers for glucose detection. By using rich functional groups in N-doped graphene quantum dots, we successfully boosted the electronegativity of polyaniline, thus enhancing the triboelectric output. Consequently, our novel enzymatic N-doped graphene quantum dot-modified polyaniline triboelectric sensor exhibited remarkable advancements in glucose detection, particularly in terms of sensitivity and stability. Moreover, the enzymatic N-doped graphene quantum dot modified polyaniline triboelectric sensor was capable to light up the LED light without an external power source in wearable detection and our sensor precisely measured glucose concentration by leveraging the intensity of the resulting brightness, verifying self-powered wearable feasibility of non-invasive monitoring of human physiological states.
However, the enzymatic glucose sensor still faces numerous limitations and challenges. Over the past few decades, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to overcoming the drawbacks associated with enzymatic sensors. One of the most prevalent and critical issues lies in the insufficient selectivity and stability of enzymatic properties. To overcome the issue of enzymatic-based sensors, Chapter 5 designed a non-enzymatic glucose responsive molecularly imprinted polymer-based triboelectric sensor (GRMIP-TES). The GRMIP was fabricated by poly(3-APBA) glucose-templated polymers that exhibit different surface properties with glucose adsorption and extraction behaviors while serving as the friction layer in the GRMIP simultaneously. As the concentration of glucose increases, the GRMIP selectively adsorbs glucose, resulting in an increase in boronic anions with an enhancement in the voltage output of corresponding TES. The experimental results confirm that the GRMIP-TES has the advantages of outstanding selectivity, high stability, and good sensitivity (3.82 ± 0.13 mM -1). Moreover, GRMIP-TES could light up multiple LEDs without an external power supply as a self-powered glucose concentration warning platform for monitoring the glucose level in human blood.

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