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研究生： Joel Murithi Runji
Joel Murithi Runji
論文名稱： 擴增實境為基智慧製造系統:電路板組裝件網宇實體檢測
Augmented Reality-based Intelligent Manufacturing System: A Case Study on Cyber-Physical PCBA Inspection
指導教授： 林其禹
Chyi-Yeu Lin
口試委員: 劉益宏
郭重顯
林顯易
陳亮嘉
Liu, Yi-Hung
Chen Liang-Chia
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工程學院 - 機械工程系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年： 2020
畢業學年度： 108
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 115
中文關鍵詞： Augmented Reality 、Cyber-Physical 、Printed Circuit Board Assembly 、Automatic Optical Inspection 、Spatial Augmented Reality 、Cooperative 、Industry 4.0 、Smart Manufacturing 、Optical see-through
外文關鍵詞： Augmented Reality, Cyber-Physical, Printed Circuit Board Assembly, Automatic Optical Inspection, Spatial Augmented Reality, Cooperative, Industry 4.0, Smart Manufacturing, Optical see-through
相關次數： 點閱：259  下載：14 
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    • 為實現高產出速度並滿足不斷變化的客戶高品質需求，需要不斷採用新興技術實現實現創新，也同時通過顯著的成本節約以提高營運效率。印刷電路板組裝件(PCBA) 的檢測正是這樣一個典型製造過程，可以顯著受益於新的擴增實境 (AR) 技術，以即時、具語境相關地在三維空間中結合真實物件和可互動虛擬元件。傳統 PCBA AR 檢測系統都是依靠手持可視化工具或間接在基於投影機的系統中放置參考物件的獨立系統。在本論文中，我們提出了一個具網宇實體(虛實整合)技術的PCBA檢測系統，在利用自動光學檢測(AOI)機器提供位置資訊和無線感測器網路提供有效通訊下， 可提供語意參考，並快速引導遠端使用者進行檢查， 同時確保過程中的安全性。本研究發展出的檢測系統將通過四種 AR 可視化技術(即:行動電話、平板電腦、光學可透光頭戴式設備 (OST-HMD) 和一個新型基於投影機的空間系統)來分別評估登錄強健性、顯示方法的適用性、設備偏好和放映虛擬物件的適用性。此外，這些測試在使用者研究中係針對不同大小的 PCBA 執行。更仔細地說，空間系統中的有效語義溝通得助於使用一種客製化可切換光線穿透度玻璃板的整合。部分結果顯示，在虛擬元件註冊過程中，本發展系統在不同尺寸的PCBA上對虛擬物件登錄更具強健性、在語意溝通顯示上相對於靜態顯示更適用，以及空間裝置相對於OST-HMD和手持設備在檢查過程中更具合適性。

    Achieving high throughput for evolving custom clients’ needs with high quality, necessitates adoption of emerging technologies that enhance efficiency of operations with significant cost savings while allowing fast learning rate. Inspection of printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) products is such a manufacturing process that could significantly benefit from new augmented reality (AR) technology that combines real with interactive virtual components in real time, contextually and in three dimensions. Traditional PCBA AR inspection systems previously developed have been standalone systems relying upon handheld visualization tools or indirect placement of references in projector-based systems. In this study, we propose a cyber-physical PCBA inspection system that leverages upon localization information available in automatic optical inspection (AOI) machines and wireless sensor networks for communication to quickly guide a remote user, provide contextual reference as well as ensure safety during inspection. The inspection system is evaluated for registration robustness, display methodology appropriateness, device preference, and suitability of displayed virtual objects across four AR visualization technologies namely: handheld mobile and tablet phones, optical see-through head-mounted device (OST-HMD) and a novel projector-based/spatial system. Additionally, these tests are performed in a user study against different sized PCBAs. Specifically, contextualization in the spatial system is aided by integration of a novel custom switchable glass. Results, in part, indicate the developed system’s robustness during registration of virtual components against the different sized PCBAs, suitability of contextual displays compared to static ones, and spatial devices to be more appropriate than OST-HMD and handheld devices in that sequence during an inspection task.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV 摘要 V ABSTRACT VI TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES XI LIST OF TABLES XIII CHAPTER ONE 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Switchable Glass Contextualization in Spatial AR 2 1.1.2 Related Studies 3 1.2 Objective of the Study 6 1.2.1 Specific Objective 6 1.3 Statement of the Problem 6 1.4 Thesis Structure 8 CHAPTER TWO 9 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.1.1 Related Studies: OST-HMD and Handheld PCBA Inspection Systems 9 2.1.2 Related Studies-Spatial Augmented Reality PCBA Inspection 15 2.2 Visualization 20 2.2.1 Handheld Devices 20 2.2.2 Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Devices 21 2.2.3 Spatial Devices 21 2.3 Tracking and Registration 22 2.4 Communication 24 2.5 SAR System Calibration 24 2.6 SAR Switchable Glass 26 2.7 SAR Safe Interaction Methods 27 2.8 OST-HMD and Handheld Device Inspection System Architecture 28 2.9 SAR Inspection System Architecture 31 CHAPTER THREE 34 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 34 3.1 OST-HMD and Handheld Device-based PCBA Inspection 34 3.1.1 Safe Double-check Inspection Task 34 3.1.2 Inspection Items 35 3.1.3 Safe Inspection System Requirements 37 3.1.4 Inspection Method 39 3.1.5 Interaction Methods 43 3.1.6 User Study 45 3.2 SAR-based PCBA Inspection System 46 3.2.1 Safely Interactive Inspection Task 47 3.2.2 Inspection Items and Method 48 3.2.3 Calibration Implementation 50 3.2.4 Switchable Glass Configuration 52 3.2.5 Reference Image Contextualization 53 3.2.6 Safety in Human Machine Interaction/ Safe Spatial User Interface 53 3.2.7 Hand Gesture Interaction 55 3.2.8 User Study 57 3.3 OST-HMD and Handheld Device-based Hiwin RA620 Manipulation 57 3.4 SAR-based Alzheimer’s disease Diagnosis 60 CHAPTER FOUR 63 4.0 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63 4.1 OST-HMD and Handheld Devices 63 4.1.1 Experimental Hardware and Software Setup 63 4.1.2 Safe Inspection System Requirements Experimental Results 64 4.1.3 Study Design 69 4.1.4 Board Size Assessment 70 4.1.5 Display Technologies 71 4.1.6 Inspection functional attributes 72 4.1.7 Display Modes 72 4.1.8 Discussion 74 4.2 SAR System 76 4.2.1 Experimental Hardware and Software Setup 76 4.2.2 Study Design 77 4.2.3 Projector Based AR Vs OST-HMD AR 79 4.2.4 Occlusion impact on Efficiency 80 4.2.5 Contextual Vs Static References 81 4.2.6 Spatial Interaction Methods 81 4.2.7 Discussion 82 CHAPTER FIVE 84 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS 84 REFERENCES 86 APPENDIX 1: Questionnaire I (OST-HMD and Handheld Systems) 92 APPENDIX II: Questionnaire II (SAR) 96

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