簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 陳信儒
Hsin-ju Chen
論文名稱: 以可程式化單一條紋反射法或結構光條紋投射法開發物體表面輪廓量測系統
Development of a Surface Profile Measurement System Using Programmable Fringe Reflection or Structured Fringes Projection Methods
指導教授: 修芳仲
Fang-jung Shiou
口試委員: 李吉群
Ji-chun Lee
唐永新
Yeong-shin Tarng
鍾承憲
Cheng-hsien Chung
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工程學院 - 機械工程系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年: 2008
畢業學年度: 96
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 112
中文關鍵詞: 條紋反射法條紋投射法格雷碼相位移法表面粗糙度
外文關鍵詞: Fringe reflection, Fringe projection, Gray code, Phase shifting method, Surface roughness
相關次數: 點閱:281下載:21
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究目的為在一PC-based四軸機台上開發一可程式化條紋反射法或投射法表面輪廓量測系統,量測系統主要包括一具高亮度對比之可程式控制光源投射系統(LCD投影機)、CCD攝影機與鏡頭、四軸量測機台、成像幕、個人電腦及自行撰寫之條紋產生程式及影像擷取與量測程式。在條紋反射法中,利用反射光能量法進行粗糙度量測之校驗與分析,利用三角量測校驗法進行二維輪廓高低差量測校驗與分析,若考慮待測物表面為平面,則可同時量測其粗糙度及二維輪廓高低差。在條紋投射法中,利用四步相位移法得到待測物的相對相位,以及利用格雷式編碼得到待測物的空間編碼,並由兩者間展開出待測物的絕對相位,再根據三角量測法便可取得三維輪廓高度。
    經條紋反射法量測系統之粗糙度校驗結果得知,試片的表面粗糙度(μm)和反射條紋平均寬度(Pixel)呈線性關係,我們可藉由計算反射條紋的平均寬度便可計算出試片的粗糙度。利用條紋反射法,粗糙度量測平均誤差為Rmax 0.23 μm。經二維輪廓高低差校驗結果得知,試片表面二維輪廓高低變化量與反射條紋中心高低變化量間存在一轉換系數的關係,二維輪廓高低差量測平均誤差為0.29 μm。經由條紋投射法量測系統之校驗結果得知,基準面和待測面絕對相位差,與實際輪廓高度間存在一系統參數k的關係,藉由校驗所得之系統參數k值,可得到精確的三維輪廓高度,利用載具量測誤差比對,階段高量測最大誤差為 22 μm,3D曲面量測最大誤差為 65.7μm,斜面量測角度誤差為 0.80°、平面度誤差為 0.0114 mm。


    The objective of the study is to develop a surface profile measurement system using a programmable fringe reflection method or a structured fringes projection method on a PC-based 4-axis machine. The developed system mainly consists of a PC-based 4-axis machine, a CCD Camera, a programmable LCD as a fringe projector, a screen on which the reflected fringe would be projected, a set of measurement software, and a PC. The surface roughness and the 2D profile of the flat composite specimens with print-through phenomenon could be measured simultaneously using the fringe reflection method, based on the calibration results. The surface roughness of the flat composite specimens was determined by the calibrated linear equation between the surface roughness Rmax of the test specimens measured with a precision stylus instrument and the average fringe width reflected from the test specimens. The profile error between the maximum peak and valley of the test specimen can be calculated, according to the calibrated factor between profile deviation measured by the stylus instrument and that of the optical measurement system. The mean roughness error was about Rmax 0.23 μm, and the mean profile error was about 0.29 μm. For the structured fringes projection method, the 3D surface profile of the test objects with scattered surface could be measured by the 4-step phase shifting algorithm assisted with the space encoding technique using the Gray codes, based on the calibrations results of the system parameter k. The measuring error of the stepped specimen was about 22 μm, and that of the 3D freeform surface was about 65.7 μm, through a comparison between the measurements of the developed system and the measurements of a CNC coordinate measuring machine. The measuring error of the inclination angle was about 0.80° and the flatness error was about 11 microns for an inclined surface.

    中文摘要 I Abstract II 誌謝 III 目錄 IV 圖索引 VIII 表索引 XIV 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機與目的 1 1.2 文獻回顧 2 1.2.1 條紋反射法 3 1.2.2 條紋投射法 4 1.3 研究方法與論文架構 5 第二章 量測系統原理 7 2.1 條紋反射法原理 7 2.1.1 反射光能量法 7 2.1.2 三角量測校驗法 12 2.2 條紋投射法原理 16 2.2.1 相位移法 16 2.2.1.1 正弦強度結構光條紋 17 2.2.1.2 三步相位移法 18 2.2.1.3 四步相位移法 20 2.2.1.4 五步相位移法 21 2.2.1.5 四步相位移的相位建立 22 2.2.1.6 相位展開原理 25 2.2.2 格雷式編碼 27 2.2.2.1 展開絕對相位與格雷式編碼 30 2.2.3 絕對相位與輪廓高度轉換 37 2.3 數位影像處理 39 2.3.1 空間迴旋運算Spatial Convolution 40 2.3.2 影像平滑濾波 42 2.3.3 二值化處理 45 第三章 量測系統整合與校驗流程 47 3.1 光源系統 47 3.2 取像系統 48 3.2.1 CCD攝影機 48 3.2.2 鏡頭 49 3.2.3 影像擷取卡 49 3.3 電控系統 50 3.3.1 四軸量測機台 50 3.3.2 光源與CCD攝影機夾治具研製 50 3.3.3 承載試片之角度調整裝置之研製 52 3.3.4 試片盒治具之設計與製造 52 3.4 資訊系統 53 3.4.1 線條紋產生軟體 53 3.4.2 格雷式條紋產生軟體 54 3.4.3 正弦強度條紋產生軟體 54 3.4.4 影像擷取與量測分析軟體 56 3.5 量測系統之整合 59 3.6 條紋反射法校驗流程規劃 63 3.6.1 反射光能量法量測粗糙度校驗流程規劃 63 3.6.2 三角量測校驗法量測二維輪廓高低差校驗流程規劃 64 3.7 條紋投射法校驗流程規劃 65 3.8 光源系統與取像系統間灰階強度線性化校正 67 3.9 量測比對設備 71 3.9.1 表面輪廓及粗糙度量測儀 71 3.9.2 三次元座標量測儀 72 第四章 量測結果與分析 73 4.1 粗糙度校驗結果 73 4.1.1 粗糙度校驗之系統誤差分析 77 4.2 二維輪廓高低差校驗結果 77 4.2.1 二維輪廓高低差校驗之系統誤差分析 78 4.3 相位移系統參數k值校驗結果 79 4.3.1 階高載具量測與誤差比對 81 4.3.2 3D曲面輪廓載具量測與誤差比對 84 4.3.3 30°斜面輪廓載具之斜度量測與誤差比對 87 4.4 量測系統之應用 91 4.4.1 條紋反射法實例應用 91 4.4.2 條紋投射法實例應用 95 第五章 結論與討論 99 5.1 結論 99 5.2 討論 100 參考文獻 101 附錄一 105 附錄二 108 附錄三 110 作者簡介 112

    1. C. W. Tang, X. C. Liang, C. P. Zou, “Analysis on Modern Measuring Methods of Curved Surfaces,” SPIE, Vol. 2101, pp. 122-124, 1993.
    2. W. C. Tai, M. Chang, “Noncontact Profilometric Measurement of Large-Form Parts,” Optical Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 2730-2735, 1996.
    3. H. Zhou, J. Chen, D. Yang, S. Buckley, “Efficient Image- Processing Method in 3D Vision Inspection,” SPIE, Vol. 3029, 1997.
    4. Y. Qifeng, Z. Dongsheng, L. Zhihui, Q. Tiehan, “Accurate Measurement of 3D Coordinate of an Object with Subpixel Technique,” IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 1, pp. 484-486, 1996.
    5. Y. Suenaga, “3D Measurement Technologies for Computer Animation,” Proceeding Computer Animation ´96, pp. 167-174, 1996.
    6. Y. Bickel, G. Hausler, M. Maul, “Triangulation with Expended Range of Depth,” Opt. Eng., Vol. 24, pp. 975-977,1985.
    7. Petr Beckmann, Andre Spizzichino,”The scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces,” Chap.1-5, Pergamon Press Ltd, 1987.
    8. D. J. Whitehouse, “Comparison Between Stylus and Optical Methods for Measuring Surfaces,” Annals of the C.I.R.P., Vol. 37, pp. 649-653, 1988.
    9. K. J. Oh, C. S. Lim, Kim Daiwoo, “Development of On-line Measurement System of Surface Roughness for Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet,” Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 1996.
    10. 修芳仲,”SMC試片表面特性量測法研究”,國立台灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文,1990.
    11. K. C. Fan, F. J. Shiou, “An optical flatness measurement system for medium-sized surface plates,” Precision Engineering, Vol. 21, pp. 112-197, 1997。
    12. 楊景焜,”鋼材精製面之非接觸式表面粗糙度量測系統研究”, 國立台灣科技大學機械工程所碩士論文,2001.
    13. Z. F. Zhou, T. Zhang, “An Integrated Opto-electric for Multi- parameter Measurement,” Proceedings of the International Instrumentation Symposium, Vol. 47, pp. 397-404, 2001.
    14. V. I. Shlychkov, “Study of the precision characteristics of algorithms for measuring the coordinates in triangulation devices,” Journal of Optical Technology, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 482-485, 2005.
    15. 鄧雅文,”影像處理輔助扇形雷射光束掃描量測系統之研究”,國立臺灣科技大學機械工程研究所碩士論文,2006年。
    16. H. Miike, K. Koga, T. Yamada, T. Kawamura, M. Kitou, and N. Takikawa, ”Measuring Surface Shape from Specular Reflection Image Sequence-Quantitative Evaluation of Surface Defects of Plastic Moldings,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol34 pp. L1625-L1628 , 1995.
    17. G. Sansoni, S. Corini, S. Lazzari, R. Rodella, and F. Docchio, “Three dimensional imaging based on gray-code light projection: characterization of the measuring algorithm and development of a measuring system for industrial application,” Appl. Opt. Vol. 36, pp. 4463-4472 , 1997.
    18. C. P. Brophy, “Effect of intensity error correlation on the computed phase of phase-shifting interferometry,” Optical Society of America, Vol. 7, pp. 537-541 , 1989.
    19. Y. Y. Hung, L. Lin, H. M. Shang, B. G. Park, “Practical three-dimensional computer vision techniques for full-field surface measurement,” Opt. Eng., Vol. 39, pp. 143-149 , 2000.
    20. 宋欣明,”以DLP發展微三維量測系統之研究”,國立臺灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文,2004年。
    21. 張培恩,”以DLP發展光纖立體顯微量測系統之研究”,國立臺灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文,2006年。
    22. 王勝弘,”使用結構式光源探測器 擷取非均勻反照率之三維物面 ”,國立暨南國際大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文,2007年。
    23. 李勇民,”條紋投射法於微型曲面量測應用之研究 ”,國立中興大學機械工程學系(所)碩士論文,2004年。
    24. M. Chang and C. S. Ho, “Phase-measuring profilometry using sinusoidal grating,” Experimental Mechanics, pp. 117-122, 1993.
    25. V. Srinrivasan, H. C. Liu, and M. Halioua, “Automated phase-measuring profilometry of 3-D diffuse objects,” Applied Optics, Vol. 23, No. 18, pp. 3105-3108, 1984.
    26. Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Wood原著/吳成柯等譯,”數位影像處理”,儒林出版,台北,1993.
    27. Russ, C. John, The Image Processing Handbook, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995.
    28. http://wwwme.nchu.edu.tw/~holo/Lab_introduction/unwrap.htm , 相位展開技術之基本觀念.
    29. 江仁力,”遊艇表面螺紋印的研究與改善 ”,國立臺灣大學工程科學及海洋工程學研究所碩士論文,2006年。

    QR CODE