本研究將以自動輔助駕駛之「眼」─光達為主題，進行全球五大專利局光達
專利趨勢分析，並以世界科技龍頭之美國USPTO 光達專利之主要競爭公司為主，
分析其專利技術分布；以及剖析主要競爭公司之全球專利家族，並根據全球專利
家族為基礎，先是透過參考過去已知的專利指標計算九項指標，最終提出六項新
穎之專利強度，供光達技術競爭者一客觀評斷專利強度之依據。
六項新穎專利強度指標有：總強度(二種計算方式)、發明獲准率、發明權利範圍、
技術廣度、技術深度、地域覆蓋廣度，並以五張三維圖視覺化呈現競爭公司於上
述六項專利強度指標下的專利實力。
本研究分析結果如下：
1. 專利強度-技術廣度中，可觀察僅少數競爭公司於分析結果圖中45 度
線上，象徵過往文獻經常採計之國際專利分類號數有其盲點存在，加
上本研究自定義更貼近研發角度之技術分類計數，將提供可參考度更
高之技術廣度分析結果。
2. 專利強度-技術深度中，有鑑於過往文獻大多僅觀察被引用數作為深
度之強度象徵，而本研究加以引用數指標的計算，認為競爭公司過往
專利技術參考得多應在技術深度中獲得肯認，其創造與研發值得重視。
3. 各家競爭公司選擇專利布局之國家經濟規模相差甚大，故透過專利強
度-地域覆蓋廣度，除利用平均家族成員數觀察家族規模，更加上已
獲准專利之總GDP 值，可據此推估出該競爭公司於市場上實施專利
權時之強度。
4. 光達技術專利之競爭公司主要所屬國別來源為美國。
5. 光達專利技術之於四大企業類型分布情況為：車廠主要集中於［
INTPUT］收集之數據型態及［PROCESS］數據處理；汽車零件商則
因皆有其主攻零部件，專利技術分佈則較為分散；光達製造商中，其
專利技術類別分佈多集中於［OUTPUT］LiDAR 統配置；至於其它類
別中，因GOOGLE+WAYMO 以及UBER 近年於無人駕駛計程車處
激烈競爭關係，各項子技術類別多能見其專利佈局身影。
6. 專利強度指標分析中，光達技術專利發明數(家族數)前三名依序為：
GOOGLE+WAYMO、LUMINAR、GM；總強度(以加總合計)前三名則
依序為：GOOGLE+WAYMO、LUMINAR、OUSTER。

This study analyzes the patent trends of five major patent offices in the world on the theme of the eyes of autonomous vehicles – LiDAR, and conducts both quality and quantity technical analysis of major competitors.
LiDAR patent pools are gathered from official patent database, and manual screen to high related documents. Patent strengths of LiDAR competitors by global patent families are evaluated. First, nine patent strength indicators are calculated, then this study provide six new patent strengths, including : total strength, share of granted patents, claim broadness, technological scope, technological depth, and geographical coverage. Five 3D diagrams based on indicators visualize competitors in different aspects.
The research results of this study are shown as follows:
1. In view of technological scope, there are a few competitors on the 45° line in the diagram. It means that there are some blind spots of only calculating numbers of IPC classes in the references. This study provides customized classifications as X axis, it will make the patent strength more convincing to the R&D.
2. There are many references just use numbers of cited in the past, the higher cited numbers mean higher inventive steps. However, the higher citations mean the invention based on broader prior arts. So this study also calculates the numbers of citaions.
3. Geographical coverage of GDP can visualize market coverage of one patent family, to avoid the disadvantages of using family members.
4. The main original competitors are form the United States.
5. Different types of companies focus on different technical fields:
(1) Vehicle manufacturers focus on data collection and data processing.
(2) Automotive parts manufacturers have their own items, so their distribution dispersed relatively.
(3) LiDAR manufacturers mostly concentrated on data output or LiDAR system’s configuration.
(4) Due to the fierce competition of self-driving taxi between WAYMO and UBER in recent years, they have patent portfolios on each LiDAR sub-technology.
6. The top three of the number of patented inventions are GOOGLE plus WAYMO, LUMINAR, and GM. The top three of total patent strength are GOOGLE plus WAYMO, LUMINAR, and OUSTER.

期刊論文
[1] Brandon Schoettle, SENSOR FUSION: A COMPARISON OF SENSING CAPABILITIES OF HUMAN DRIVERS AND HIGHLY AUTOMATED VEHICLES, The University of Michigan Sustainable Worldwide Transportation, Report No. SWT-2017-12, August 2017: p.8-13
[2] Goyer, G. G.; R. Watson, The Laser and its Application to Meteorology, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, September 1963, 44 (9): p.564–575 [568]
[3] Holger Ernst, Patent applications and subsequent changes of performance: evidence from time-series cross-section analyses on the firm level, Research Policy Volume 30, Issue1, January 2001: p.143-157
[4] Holger Ernst, Patent information for strategic technology management, World Patent Information, Volume 25, Issue 3, September 2003: p.233-242
[5] Michele Grimaldi, Livio Cricelli, Martina Di Giovanni, Francesco Rogo, The patent portfolio value analysis: A new framework to leverage patent information for strategic technology planning, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Volume 94, May 2015: p.286-302
[6] Nikolaos Papageorgiadis, Adam R. Cross, Constantinos Alexiou, International patent systems strength 1998–2011, Journal of World Business 49 (2014): p.586–597
[7] Xi Yang, Xin Liu, Jun Song, A Study on Technology Competition of Graphene Biomedical Technology Based on Patent Analysis, Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 2613
專業書籍
[1] Paul McManamon, Field Guide to Lidar, SPIE Field Guides Volume FG36
專業報導
[1] ALEX DAVIES, GM Buys a Lidar Startup That Could Deliver Its Self-Driving Future, at https://www.wired.com/story/gm-cruise-strobe-lidar/ (last visited 02/19/2020)
[2] Alison Griswold, Alphabet is coming for Uber, at https://qz.com/1486469/waymo-googl-is-coming-for-uber-with-a-driverless-taxi-service/ (last visited 03/07/2020)
[3] Christoph Hammerschmidt, Continental buys LIDAR business from ASC, at https://www.eenewseurope.com/news/continental-buys-lidar-business-asc (last visited 02/08/2020)
120
[4] Christopher Schrecke, Continental and Knorr-Bremse announce a partnership for highly automated driving in commercial vehicles, at https://www.continental.com/en/press/press-releases/commercial-vehicle-aftermarket/2018-09-19-partnership-145812 (last visited 02/08/2020)
[5] Dara Khosrowshahi (CEO of Uber), Uber and Waymo Reach Settlement, at https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-waymo-settlement/ (last visited 02/12/2020)
[6] Dave Lee, LG Electronics and AEye Announce Strategic Partnership to Address Sensing and Perception Needs of ADAS Market, at https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-50484172 (last visited 02/11/2020)
[7] Green Car Congress, Quanergy and Chery partner for autonomous vehicles; Chery Lion Smart Partner Program, at https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/07/20190719-quanergy.html (last visited 02/06/2020)
[8] INNOVATION / PRODUCTS & TECHNOLOGY, Valeo’s LiDAR, driving the autonomous vehicles, at https://www.valeo.com/en/valeos-lidar-driving-the-autonomous-vehicles/ (last visited 06/02/2020)
[9] Johana Bhuiyan, Toyota is trusting a startup for a crucial part of its newest self-driving cars, at https://www.vox.com/2017/9/27/16373012/toyota-self-driving-lidar-luminar (last visited 02/07/2020)
[10] Kirsten Korosec, Waymo to start selling standlone LiDAR sensors, at https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/06/waymo-to-start-selling-standalone-lidar-sensors/ (last visited 02/06/2020)
[11] Liane Yvkoff, Using Ouster’s Lidar, Nvidia Targets 2022 For Commercial Launch Of Self-Driving Vehicles, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/lianeyvkoff/2019/09/18/using-ousters-lidar-nvidia-targets-2022-for-commercial-launch-of-self-driving-vehicles/#5368e4a96a52 (last visited 02/10/2020)
[12] Matt Burns, “Anyone relying on lidar is doomed,” Elon Musk says, at https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/22/anyone-relying-on-lidar-is-doomed-elon-musk-says/ (last visited 02/11/2020)
[13] Megan Rose Dickey, BMW is working with LiDAR company Innoviz to make self-driving cars, at https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/26/bmw-is-working-with-lidar-company-innoviz-to-make-self-driving-cars/ (last visited 02/06/2020)
[14] PAUL SAWERS, Volvo and Luminar demo advanced lidar tech that gives autonomous cars detailed view of pedestrian movements, at https://venturebeat.com/2018/11/27/volvo-and-luminar-demo-advanced-lidar-tech-that-gives-autonomous-cars-detailed-view-of-pedestrian-movements/ (last visited 02/09/2020)
121
[15] Ronan Glon, Bosch’s sharp-sighted lidar rounds out its suite of self-driving technology, at https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/bosch-announces-first-lidar-for-self-driving-cars-ahead-of-ces-2020/ (last visited 03/07/2020)
[16] Sam Abuelsamid, BMW Selects Innoviz Solid-State Lidar For 2021 Automated Driving Program, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/samabuelsamid/2018/04/26/bmw-selects-innoviz-solid-state-lidar-for-2021-automated-driving-program/#bd24c4f381c6 (last visited 02/10/2020)
[17] Sam Abuelsamid, Bosch To Debut New Lidar Sensor At CES 2020, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/samabuelsamid/2020/01/02/bosch-to-debut-new-lidar-sensor-at-ces-2020/#24aa87cf6414 (last visited 02/08/2020)
[18] Samuel Gibbs, Google's self-driving car: How does it work and when can we drive one?, at https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/28/google-self-driving-car-how-does-it-work#maincontent (last visited 01/08/2020)
[19] SEAN HIGGINS, A new lidar from Google sister company Waymo, at https://www.spar3d.com/news/lidar/a-new-lidar-from-google-sister-company-waymo/ (last visited 02/11/2020)
[20] Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation, Toshiba New Algorithm Greatly Improves Angular LiDAR, at https://toshiba.semicon-storage.com/tw/company/news/news-topics/2019/04/automotive-20190422-1.html (last visited 02/06/2020)
[21] TOSHIBA Global, Toshiba’s New Circuit Technology Realizes Long-Range and High Resolution LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging) for Reliable Self-Driving Vehicles, at http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2018_03/pr0501.htm (last visited 02/07/2020)