腰果殼液(CNSL)中所含之長鏈酚化合物具有許多用途。本研究探討從腰果萃取得到CNSL時，不同萃取方法對產率，萃取液組成及特性之影響。所用萃取方式有四種：超臨界二氧化碳(SC-CO2)萃取法(40°C, 300 bar, 4 h)、次臨界水(SCW)萃取法(140°C, 22 bar, 1 h)、索氏萃取法(溶劑沸點, 1 bar, 30 h)及二步驟萃取法(先以索氏萃取，再以次臨界水萃取)。
以不同方式所得萃取液特性有明顯差異。甲醇索氏萃取及二階段萃取之萃取液顏色較暗且混濁，而己烷索氏萃取及SC-CO2萃取之萃取液顏色較淡且清澈。GC-FID/MS質譜顯示不同方式所得萃取液之組成不同。二階段萃取之萃取液含81.17 - 82.98%長鏈酚化合物(約為腰果殼乾重之50%)，其中主要成份為單不飽和之cardanol，此方法比其他方法產生較多總酚化合物。次臨界水萃取法對單不飽和之cardanol及stigmasterol有高選擇性，而超臨界二氧化碳萃取法所得萃取液含高濃度之anacardic acid及cardol。
本研究利用二階段逆相矽膠管柱層析來純化所得之長鏈酚化合物。最佳操作條件為：管柱長對直徑比= 8:1、CNSL對矽膠質量比= 1:20並且以甲醇為移動相。二階段逆相矽膠管柱層析成功的從CNSL中分離出anacardic acid (純度98.79 wt.%、回收率82.42 wt.% )、cardol (純度99.34 wt.% 、回收率80.71 wt.%) and cardanol (純度99.18 wt.% 、回收率81.82 wt.%)。從H-NMR分析得知，anacardic acid (C22H36O3)及cardanol (C21H36O) 為飽和形態而cardol (C21H30O2)則擁有三不飽和之側鏈。
在從去除酚化合物之後，可由去脂腰果殼中得到85.01 wt.%之澱粉。本研究發現此澱粉有高含量(75.35 wt.%)之amylopectin，此結果佐證由熱分析所得此澱粉有高結晶度之結果。對澱粉之形態分析顯示在澱粉顆粒表面鍵結著樹酯。由於具高結晶度、顆粒表面鍵結著樹酯且成本低，由去脂腰果殼所得澱粉有潛力成為塑膠工業之原料。

Long chain phenols contained in cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) are found to have important applications. The impact of different extraction methods on CNSL yield, selectivity, composition and characteristic of extracts was investigated in this work. Four methods were employed: Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction (40°C, 300 bar, 4 h), subcritical water (SCW) extraction (140°C, 22 bar, 1 h), soxhlet extraction (solvent boiling point, 1 bar, 30 h), and two-step extraction, which comprises a solvent extraction followed by a SCW extraction.
Characteristics of the extracts differed significantly. Methanol and two-step extractions resulted in darker and more turbid extracts, while n-hexane and SC-CO2 extracts were clearer and lighter in color. GC-FID/MS chromatograms showed differences in compositions of the extracts obtained by different methods. Two-step extraction yielded extracts that contain 81.17 - 82.98% long chain phenols (ca. 50% based on dry CNS) with monounsaturated cardanol as the major compound, producing higher amount of total phenols than other methods. SCW extraction showed high selectivity towards monounsaturated cardanol and stigmasterol, while high concentration of monounsaturated anacardic acid and cardol appeared in SC-CO2 extract.
Two-step RP silica gel column chromatography was performed to purify these long chain phenols. Optimum conditions were found to be: column height to diameter ratio = 8:1, CNSL to silica gel mass ratio = 1:20 and pure methanol as mobile phase. Two-step RP silica gel column chromatography was successfully conducted to fractionate anacardic acid (98.79 wt.% purity and 82.42 wt.% recovery), cardol (fraction 2.2, 99.34 wt.% purity and 80.71 wt.% recovery) and cardanol (99.18 wt.% purity and 81.82 wt.% recovery) from CNSL. The H-NMR analysis reported that anacardic acid (C22H36O3) and cardanol (C21H36O) found are of saturated form, while cardol (C21H30O2) possesses tri-unsaturated side chain.
After the removal of phenols from CNS, a product that contains 85.01 wt.% starch was recovered from the defatted CNS. It was found that the starch obtained possesses high amylopectin content (75.35 wt.%), which supports the results of thermal analysis that proved the high crystallinity of starch. Morphological study of the starch showed that bonded resins were found attached to the starch granules. Due to high crystallinity, the presence of bonded resins and low cost, starch from defatted CNS can be considered as a prospective renewable material in polymer industries.

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