隨著電腦工作處理的資訊量增加，以及螢幕取得成本降低，越來越多使用者開始使用雙螢幕顯示配置；全球新冠肺炎疫情持續升溫，許多公司推行在家工作(Work from Home)，也導致使用額外螢幕接收網路會議訊息的需求增加，讓使用雙螢幕顯示配置更為普遍。過去研究顯示，在一般狀況下使用雙螢幕能夠產生較佳的績效，然而並未針對雙螢幕顯示配置的差異，例如是否雙螢幕有主、副螢幕之分，或者等同於延伸的單一螢幕，以及軟體視窗的配置所造成的影響，尚未有系統性的研究。此外，使用者本身的經驗在不同顯示配置下產生的改變亦未曾有文獻探討。
本研究透過設計一項結合空間與語文需求、模擬日常生活會用到的真實工作，針對不同顯示配置以及使用者經驗所造成之工作績效(任務完成時間、注意力轉移時間)、使用行為(視窗配置行為、轉頭及切換視窗次數)與主觀回饋(使用偏好與原因)差異進行實驗。實驗結果顯示:非最佳化的顯示配置，例如使用雙螢幕時，將慣用的主、副視窗位置調換，或使用無主副螢幕的延伸配置，會造成顯著的視窗切換與轉頭次數增加，以及工作完成時間增加(但無統計顯著差異)。慣用雙螢幕者一般表現績效比慣用單螢幕者好，只有在無主副螢幕之分的延伸顯示配置條件下例外。主觀問卷顯示大多慣用單螢幕者偏好將主要輸入的任務放在主螢幕；大多慣用雙螢幕者偏好將花費較長時間和較複雜的操作放在主螢幕上。由結果可以得知，使用習慣影響使用不同顯示配置的表現，若一開始就使用較佳的配置－花費較長時間的操作放主螢幕，參考資料放副螢幕等－能夠得到較佳的工作績效；一但習慣非最佳化配置，就難以更改，即使改用最佳化配置，一時也難以取得更好的績效。
本研究透過不同顯示配置的實驗，瞭解在雙螢幕顯示配置下，空間與語文複雜工作的使用行為，並提供良好顯示配置的指導方針，期望能夠提升使用者在此種情況下操作電腦的績效。

Many users began to use dual displays due to increasing amount of information processed by computers and the lower cost of screens. The current covid-19 pandemic forces more people to work from home, which increases demand of using additional screens to deal with multiple tasks, such as web conference, receiving internet messages, and so on. Past studies have shown that the use of dual screens in general can produce better performance; however, there was not systematic research addressing the effects of dual display configurations, such as differentiating primary and secondary screens, or treating two screens as an extended one, and the assignment of software windows. In addition, the behavioral differences due to users’ experience in dual displays have not been discussed in past studies.
By designing a realistic experimental task that combined spatial and verbal demands, this research investigated the user performance (task completion time, attention transfer time) and user behaviors (window assignment, head turning counts and the number of window switches) under different display configurations based on users’ experience in dual displays. Subjective feedback regarding preferences in configuration and reasons were also collected. The results showed that non-optimized display configurations, such as swapping positions of the windows on the primary and secondary displays, or using two displays as one extended display, caused significant more window switching and head turning behaviors, and the task completion time increased insignificantly. Participants experienced in dual screens generally performed better than those who used mainly a single screen, except for performance in the extended display configuration. The subjective questionnaire showed that most participants who used mainly a single screen preferred to perform data entry tasks on the primary display. In contrast, most users experienced in dual displays preferred to perform longer and more complicated operations on the primary display. From the results, users’ habits greatly affected their performance using different display configurations. If a rather optimal configuration was used from the beginning, e.g. operating complicated tasks that required longer time on the primary screen, and placing less demanding tasks on the secondary screen, there was a higher chance for better performance; once the user got used to a sub-optimal configuration, the habit became difficult to change and set up a lower ceiling for possible performance level. Even if the user switched to the rather optimal configuration, it needed time to improve performance.
Through this study the user behaviors of spatial-verbal tasks in dual display configurations were understood and guidelines were provided for display configurations in hope to improve users’ performance of operating computers.

1. 維基百科，2020，Template:COVID-19 pandemic data，
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data
2. 香港經濟日報，2020，朱克伯格料Facebook一半員工可永久在家工作，https://inews.hket.com/article/2650397/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%99Facebook%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%8A%E5%93%A1%E5%B7%A5%E5%8F%AF%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C
3. 聯合新聞網，2020，臉書50%員工將永久在家工作，
https://udn.com/news/story/6811/4584029
4. 鉅亨，2020，臉書超積極防疫！取消2021年6月前所有大型活動，
https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4466202
5. The News Lens關鍵評論，2020，疫情下的美國遠距工作:「Work from Home，其實沒有大家想像中的完美，
https://www.thenewslens.com/article/134627
6. 聯合新聞網，2020，史上最大宅經濟潮，
https://udn.com/news/story/6851/4457629
7. TechNews科技新報，2020，
疫情讓 Zoom 原地起飛，曾經的王者 Skype 去哪了？，
https://technews.tw/2020/04/14/where-did-the-former-king-skype-go/
8. Hutchings, D. R., et al. (2004). Display space usage and window management operation comparisons between single monitor and multiple monitor users. Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces:32-39.
9. Husmann, M., et al. (2018). Supporting out of office software development using personal devices. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services:1-11.
10. Horak, T., et al. (2019). Vistribute: distributing interactive visualizations in dynamic multi-device setups. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems:1-13.
11. Hamilton, P. and D. J. Wigdor (2014). Conductor: enabling and understanding cross-device interaction. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems:2773-2782.
12. Czerwinski, M., et al. (2003). Toward characterizing the productivity benefits of very large displays. Interact:9-16.
13. Ni, T., et al. (2006). A survey of large high-resolution display technologies, techniques, and applications. IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR 2006), IEEE:223-236
14. Poder, T. G., et al. (2011). "Dual vs. single computer monitor in a Canadian hospital Archiving Department: a study of efficiency and satisfaction." Health Information Management Journal 40(3): 20-25.
15. IDC . (2015). IDC InfoBrief - Improving Employee Productivity with Dual Monitors.http://i.dell.com/sites/doccontent/shared-content/data-sheets/en/Documents/Dual_Monitors_Boost_your_productivity.pdf
16. Kang, Y.-a. and J. Stasko (2008). Lightweight task/application performance using single versus multiple monitors: a comparative study. Proceedings of graphics interface 2008:17-24.
17. Grudin, J. (2001). Partitioning digital worlds: focal and peripheral awareness in multiple monitor use. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems:458-465.
18. Russell, S. E. and K. Wong (2005). "Dual-Screen monitors: a qualitative analysis of their use in an academic library." The Journal of academic librarianship 31(6): 574-577.
19. Carter, M., et al. (2014). Screen ecologies, multi-gaming and designing for different registers of engagement. Proceedings of the first ACM SIGCHI annual symposium on Computer-human interaction in play:37-46.
20. Brown, A., et al. (2014). HCI over multiple screens. CHI'14 Extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems: 665-674.
21. Ling, C., et al. (2017). "Are two better than one? A comparison between single-and dual-monitor work stations in productivity and user’s windows management style." International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 33(3): 190-198.
22. Colvin, J., et al. (2004). "Productivity and multi-screen computer displays." Rocky Mountain Communication Review 2(1): 31-53.
23. Bi, X. and R. Balakrishnan (2009). Comparing usage of a large high-resolution display to single or dual desktop displays for daily work. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems:1005-1014.
24. Chang, T.-W., et al. (2011). "A comparison of single-and dual-screen environment in programming language: Cognitive loads and learning effects." Journal of Educational Technology & Society 14(2): 188-200.
25. Chen, Y.-C., et al. (2008). Classroom learning in a dual-screen-based environment. EdMedia+ Innovate Learning, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE):5579-5586.
26. Cheng, T.-S., et al. (2015). "Using the Multi-Display Teaching System to Lower Cognitive Load." Educational Technology & Society 18(4): 128-140.
27. St. John, M., Harris, W., & Osga, G. A. (1997). Designing for multitasking environments: Multiple monitors versus multiple windows. Proceedings of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 41, 1313–1317.
28. Jeuris, S., et al. (2018). "The Hidden Cost of Window Management." arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04673.
29. Pilzer, J., et al. (2020). Supporting Software Developers' Focused Work on Window-Based Desktops. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems:1-13
30. Hutchings, D. R. (2006). Making multiple monitors more manageable, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Available from:http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11551
31. Hutchings, D. R. and J. Stasko (2007). Quantifying the performance effect of window snipping in multiple-monitor environments. IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer:461-474.
32. Lischke, L., et al. (2016). Screen arrangements and interaction areas for large display work places. Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays:228-234.
33. Beheshti, E., et al. (2012). Touch, click, navigate: comparing tabletop and desktop interaction for map navigation tasks. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces:205-214.
34. Forlines, C., et al. (2006). Multi-user, multi-display interaction with a single-user, single-display geospatial application. Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology:273-276.
35. Tran, M. H., et al. (2004). Dual monitors support group awareness in multiplayer computer games. In Proc. ozCHI'04, ACM Press, 231-235.
36. Gallagher, K. M., et al. (2019). "Does using multiple computer monitors for office tasks affect user experience? a systematic review." Human Factors: 0018720819889533.
Available from:https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819889533
37. Owens, J. W., et al. (2012). Examination of dual vs. single monitor use during common office tasks. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles:1506-1510.
38. Anderson, J. A., Hill, J., Parkin, P., & Garrison, A. (2007). Productivity, screens, and aspect ratios; A comparison of single, traditional aspect, dual, traditional aspect and single, widescreen aspect computer displays over simulated office tasks across performance and usability. Illinois: NEC Display Solutions.
Available from: https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s69w3dmf
39. Estember, R. D., et al. (2015). The musculoskeletal disorder effects on the use of single and dual monitor workstations. 2015 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM), IEEE:1-7.
40. Wang, Z., et al. (2014). "Dual computer monitors to increase efficiency of conducting systematic reviews." Journal of clinical epidemiology 67(12): 1353-1357.