隨著技術的發展和產業的轉型，由建築、工程和施工組成的AEC產業已經從傳統基於圖紙的設計模式轉變為基於數位和電腦運算的模式。近年來，延展實境（XR）技術的應用，強調了現實與虛擬之間的沉浸式互動體驗，給建築項目帶來了突破性的發展。本研究分別為三種不同種類的實際建築項目開發了XR系統，提出基於XR之一系列新興的工作流程模式，通過將XR系統導入實際辦公大樓設計項目、複合式商業辦公大樓以及體育場館設計項目並與傳統的工作流程模式進行比較。針對三個建築項目在不同建築生命週期的環節導入XR，以及不同族群的使用者進行多種驗證方式，包括多準則決策、運籌學（作業研究）、最佳化方法、TAM科技使用模式、美學評比、眼動追蹤和感知有用性評估，比較傳統工作模式與XR兩種模式之間的差異。預期本研究對於XR在建築產業開發以及應用作為一定的基礎，使未來XR和BIM技術可以有效整合，以提高工業應用的完整性，並為AEC產業建立新的工作模式。

With technological development and industrial transformation, the AEC industry consisting of architecture, engineering, and construction has changed from the traditional design mode based on drawings to the mode based on digital and computer computing. In recent years, the application of Extended Reality (XR) technology emphasizes the immersive interaction experience between reality and virtuality, bringing breakthrough development to building projects. The study develops XR systems for three different kinds of actual building projects and proposes a series of emerging workflow models based on XR. Through introducing the XR system into the design elements of actual office buildings, compound commercial office buildings, and stadiums, the paper will compare the XR system process model with the traditional workflow model. Through introducing the XR to three building projects in different building life cycles, as well as applying multi-verification methods on different ethnic groups’ users, including multi-criteria decision-making, operations research (operational research), optimization methods, TAM technology utilization mode, aesthetic evaluation, eye tracking, and perceived usefulness evaluation, the paper will compare the differences between the traditional work mode and XR. Based on the development and application of XR in the building industry, the study aims to effectively integrate XR and BIM technologies to improve the integrity of industry applications and establish a new working mode for the AEC industry in the future.

Abdelhameed, W. A. (2013). Virtual Reality Use in Architectural Design Studios: A Case of Studying Structure and Construction. Procedia Computer Science, 25, 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.11.027
Alizadehsalehi, S., Hadavi, A., & Huang, J. C. (2020). From BIM to extended reality in AEC industry. Automation in Construction, 116, 103254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103254
Azari, R. (2014). Integrated energy and environmental life cycle assessment of office building envelopes. Energy and Buildings, 82, 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.06.041
Azemati, H., Jam, F., Ghorbani, M., Dehmer, M., Ebrahimpour, R., Ghanbaran, A., & Emmert-Streib, F. (2020). The Role of Symmetry in the Aesthetics of Residential Building Façades Using Cognitive Science Methods. Symmetry, 12(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091438
Bakr, A. F., El Sayad, Z. T., & Thomas, S. M. S. (2018). Virtual reality as a tool for children’s participation in kindergarten design process. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4), 3851–3861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.10.003
Baldwin, A., Li, H., Huang, T., Kong, C. W., Guo, H. L., Chan, N., & Wong, J. (2009). Supporting pre‐tender construction planning with virtual prototyping. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16(2), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980910938028
Bouchlaghem, D., Shang, H., Whyte, J., & Ganah, A. (2005). Visualisation in architecture, engineering and construction (AEC). Automation in Construction, 14(3), 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2004.08.012
Broll, W., Lindt, I., Ohlenburg, J., Wittkämper, M., Yuan, C., Novotny, T., Fatah gen. Schieck, A., Mottram, C., & Strothmann, A. (2004). ARTHUR: A Collaborative Augmented Environment for Architectural Design and Urban Planning. JVRB - Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting, 1(2004)(1). https://doi.org/10.20385/1860-2037/1.2004.1
Bucea-Manea-Țoniş, R., Bucea-Manea-Țoniş, R., Simion, V. E., Ilic, D., Braicu, C., & Manea, N. (2020). Sustainability in Higher Education: The Relationship between Work-Life Balance and XR E-Learning Facilities. Sustainability, 12(14), Article 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145872
Can, H., Lu, M., & Gan, L. (2011). The Research on Application of Information Technology in sports Stadiums. Physics Procedia, 22, 604–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2011.11.093
Carvalho, J. P., Bragança, L., & Mateus, R. (2021). Sustainable building design: Analysing the feasibility of BIM platforms to support practical building sustainability assessment. Computers in Industry, 127, 103400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2021.103400
Chupin, J.-P. (2011). Judgement by design: Towards a model for studying and improving the competition process in architecture and urban design. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 27(1), 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2010.12.004
Çöltekin, A., Griffin, A. L., Slingsby, A., Robinson, A. C., Christophe, S., Rautenbach, V., Chen, M., Pettit, C., & Klippel, A. (2020). Geospatial Information Visualization and Extended Reality Displays. In H. Guo, M. F. Goodchild, & A. Annoni (Eds.), Manual of Digital Earth (pp. 229–277). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_7
Çöltekin, A., Lochhead, I., Madden, M., Christophe, S., Devaux, A., Pettit, C., Lock, O., Shukla, S., Herman, L., Stachoň, Z., Kubíček, P., Snopková, D., Bernardes, S., & Hedley, N. (2020). Extended Reality in Spatial Sciences: A Review of Research Challenges and Future Directions. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070439
Davila Delgado, J. M., Oyedele, L., Demian, P., & Beach, T. (2020). A research agenda for augmented and virtual reality in architecture, engineering and construction. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 45, 101122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2020.101122
Davis, E. (2015). TechGnosis: Myth, Magic, and Mysticism in the Age of Information. North Atlantic Books.
de Klerk, R., Duarte, A. M., Medeiros, D. P., Duarte, J. P., Jorge, J., & Lopes, D. S. (2019). Usability studies on building early stage architectural models in virtual reality. Automation in Construction, 103, 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.03.009
Demirkan, H. (2005). Generating design activities through sketches in multi-agent systems. Automation in Construction, 14(6), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2004.12.002
Di Blas, N., Bucciero, A., Mainetti, L., & Paolini, P. (2012). Multi-User Virtual Environments for Learning: Experience and Technology Design. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 5(4), 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2012.16
Fang, Z., Zong, X., Li, Q., Li, Q., & Xiong, S. (2011). Hierarchical multi-objective evacuation routing in stadium using ant colony optimization approach. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(3), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.10.001
Flowers, B. S. (2017). Sport and Architecture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315798363
Gann, D., Salter, A., & Whyte, J. (2003). Design Quality Indicator as a tool for thinking. Building Research & Information, 31(5), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961321032000107564
Ghasemzadeh, F., Archer, N., & Iyogun, P. (1999). A zero-one model for project portfolio selection and scheduling. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 50(7), 745–755. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600767
Graat, E., Midden, C., & Bockholts, P. (1999). Complex evacuation; effects of motivation level and slope of stairs on emergency egress time in a sports stadium. Safety Science, 31(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(98)00061-7
Hu, J., Chen, W., Zhang, S., Yin, Y., Li, Y., & Yang, D. (2018). Thermal characteristics and comfort assessment of enclosed large-span membrane stadiums. Applied Energy, 229, 728–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.033
Hwang, C.-L., & Yoon, K. (1981). Methods for Multiple Attribute Decision Making. In C.-L. Hwang & K. Yoon (Eds.), Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications A State-of-the-Art Survey (pp. 58–191). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48318-9_3
Juan, Y.-K., Chen, H.-H., & Chi, H.-Y. (2018). Developing and Evaluating a Virtual Reality-Based Navigation System for Pre-Sale Housing Sales. Applied Sciences, 8(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060952
Juan, Y.-K., Chi, H.-Y., & Chen, H.-H. (2019). Virtual reality-based decision support model for interior design and decoration of an office building. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 28(1), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-03-2019-0138
Juan, Y.-K., Perng, Y.-H., Castro-Lacouture, D., & Lu, K.-S. (2009). Housing refurbishment contractors selection based on a hybrid fuzzy-QFD approach. Automation in Construction, 18(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2008.06.001
Kaufmann, A., & Gupta, M. M. (1988). Fuzzy Mathematical Models in Engineering and Management Science. Elsevier Science Inc.
Kellison, T. B., & Hong, S. (2015). The adoption and diffusion of pro-environmental stadium design. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(2), 249–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.995690
Kerimova, N., Sivokhin, P., Kodzokova, D., Nikogosyan, K., & Klucharev, V. (2022). Visual processing of green zones in shared courtyards during renting decisions: An eye-tracking study. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 68, 127460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127460
Kim, J. I., Li, S., Chen, X., Keung, C., Suh, M., & Kim, T. W. (2021). Evaluation framework for BIM-based VR applications in design phase. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 8(3), 910–922. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwab022
Kim, N., & Lee, H. (2020). Evaluating Visual Perception by Tracking Eye Movement in Architectural Space During Virtual Reality Experiences. In T. Ahram, R. Taiar, V. Gremeaux-Bader, & K. Aminian (Eds.), Human Interaction, Emerging Technologies and Future Applications II (pp. 302–308). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44267-5_45
Kolios, A., Mytilinou, V., Lozano-Minguez, E., & Salonitis, K. (2016). A Comparative Study of Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making Methods under Stochastic Inputs. Energies, 9(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9070566
Kong, Z., Utzinger, D. M., Freihoefer, K., & Steege, T. (2018). The impact of interior design on visual discomfort reduction: A field study integrating lighting environments with POE survey. Building and Environment, 138, 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.04.025
Kuo, T. (2017). A modified TOPSIS with a different ranking index. European Journal of Operational Research, 260(1), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.11.052
Lee, J. H., & Ostwald, M. J. (2021). Fractal Dimension Calculation and Visual Attention Simulation: Assessing the Visual Character of an Architectural Façade. Buildings, 11(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11040163
Lee, S. M., & Trimi, S. (2021). Convergence innovation in the digital age and in the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Journal of Business Research, 123, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.041
Lee, Y., & Yoo, B. (2021). XR collaboration beyond virtual reality: Work in the real world. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 8(2), 756–772. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwab012
Li, X., Zhu, C., Xu, C., Zhu, J., Li, Y., & Wu, S. (2020). VR motion sickness recognition by using EEG rhythm energy ratio based on wavelet packet transform. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 188, 105266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105266
Lin, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-P., Yien, H.-W., Huang, C.-Y., & Su, Y.-C. (2018). Integrated BIM, game engine and VR technologies for healthcare design: A case study in cancer hospital. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 36, 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2018.03.005
Mourtzis, D., Siatras, V., & Angelopoulos, J. (2020). Real-Time Remote Maintenance Support Based on Augmented Reality (AR). Applied Sciences, 10(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051855
Murray, T. J., Pipino, L. L., & van Gigch, J. P. (1985). A pilot study of fuzzy set modification of Delphi. Human Systems Management, 5(1), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-1985-5111
Niu, S., Pan, W., & Zhao, Y. (2015). A Virtual Reality Supported Approach to Occupancy Engagement in Building Energy Design for Closing the Energy Performance Gap. Procedia Engineering, 118, 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.487
Niu, S., Pan, W., & Zhao, Y. (2016). A virtual reality integrated design approach to improving occupancy information integrity for closing the building energy performance gap. Sustainable Cities and Society, 27, 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.03.010
Orzhekhovskiy, A., Priadko, I., Tanasoglo, A., & Fomenko, S. (2020). Design of stadium roofs with a given level of reliability. Engineering Structures, 209, 110245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110245
Osorto Carrasco, M. D., & Chen, P.-H. (2021). Application of mixed reality for improving architectural design comprehension effectiveness. Automation in Construction, 126, 103677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103677
Portman, M. E., Natapov, A., & Fisher-Gewirtzman, D. (2015). To go where no man has gone before: Virtual reality in architecture, landscape architecture and environmental planning. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.05.001
Rusnak, M. A., & Rabiega, M. (2021). The Potential of Using an Eye Tracker in Architectural Education: Three Perspectives for Ordinary Users, Students and Lecturers. Buildings, 11(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060245
Saifulina, N., & Carballo-Penela, A. (2017). Promoting Sustainable Development at an Organizational Level: An Analysis of the Drivers of Workplace Environmentally Friendly Behaviour of Employees. Sustainable Development, 25(4), 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1654
Schneider, S., Kuliga, S., Hölscher, C., Conroy-Dalton, R., Kunert, A., Kulik, A., & Donath, D. (2013). Educating architecture students to design buildings from the inside out. Proceedings of the 9th International Space Syntax Symposium, 363–375.
Scorpio, M., Laffi, R., Teimoorzadeh, A., Ciampi, G., Masullo, M., & Sibilio, S. (2022). A calibration methodology for light sources aimed at using immersive virtual reality game engine as a tool for lighting design in buildings. Journal of Building Engineering, 48, 103998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.103998
Siu, M.-F. F., Lu, M., & AbouRizk, S. (2016). Zero-One Programming Approach to Determine Optimum Resource Supply under Time-Dependent Resource Constraints. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 30(2), 04015028. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000498
Song, H. (2016). Chinese Large-Scale Stadium Development Influence Factors Exploration. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 13(12), 10068–10071. https://doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.6212
Sun, L., Fukuda, T., & Resch, B. (2014). A synchronous distributed cloud-based virtual reality meeting system for architectural and urban design. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 3(4), 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2014.05.001
Takahashi, R., Suzuki, H., Chew, J. Y., Ohtake, Y., Nagai, Y., & Ohtomi, K. (2018). A system for three-dimensional gaze fixation analysis using eye tracking glasses. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 5(4), 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2017.12.007
Toivonen, S., & Viitanen, K. (2015). Forces of change shaping the future commercial real estate market in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in Finland. Land Use Policy, 42, 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.09.004
Tulevech, S. M., Hage, D. J., Jorgensen, S. K., Guensler, C. L., Himmler, R., & Gheewala, S. H. (2018). Life cycle assessment: A multi-scenario case study of a low-energy industrial building in Thailand. Energy and Buildings, 168, 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.011
Ullah, F., Sepasgozar, S. M. E., Thaheem, M. J., & Al-Turjman, F. (2021). Barriers to the digitalisation and innovation of Australian Smart Real Estate: A managerial perspective on the technology non-adoption. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 22, 101527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101527
Wei, W.-L., & Chang, W.-C. (2008). Analytic network process-based model for selecting an optimal product design solution with zero–one goal programming. Journal of Engineering Design, 19(1), 15–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/09544820601186054
Whyte, J., Bouchlaghem, N., Thorpe, A., & McCaffer, R. (2000). From CAD to virtual reality: Modelling approaches, data exchange and interactive 3D building design tools. Automation in Construction, 10(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-5805(99)00012-6
Williams, J. C. (2002). A Zero-One Programming Model for Contiguous Land Acquisition. Geographical Analysis, 34(4), 330–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2002.tb01093.x
Wolfartsberger, J. (2019). Analyzing the potential of Virtual Reality for engineering design review. Automation in Construction, 104, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.03.018
Wolniak, R., Saniuk, S., Grabowska, S., & Gajdzik, B. (2020). Identification of Energy Efficiency Trends in the Context of the Development of Industry 4.0 Using the Polish Steel Sector as an Example. Energies, 13(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112867
Wu, S., Hou, L., & Zhang, G. (Kevin). (2021). Integrated Application of BIM and eXtended Reality Technology: A Review, Classification and Outlook. In E. Toledo Santos & S. Scheer (Eds.), Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (pp. 1227–1236). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51295-8_86
Zou, Z., & Ergan, S. (2019). Where Do We Look? An Eye-Tracking Study of Architectural Features in Building Design. In I. Mutis & T. Hartmann (Eds.), Advances in Informatics and Computing in Civil and Construction Engineering (pp. 439–446). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00220-6_52
Zuo, Q., Leonard, W., & MaloneBeach, E. E. (2010). Integrating performance-based design in beginning interior design education: An interactive dialog between the built environment and its context. Design Studies, 31(3), 268–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2009.12.002