醇脫氫酶(ADH)及醛脫氫酶(ALDH)是人體內主要的酒精代謝酶，兩者均有多種同功酶存在，分布亦依組織而異，且有種族差異的對偶同功酶存在。乙醛是酒精代謝的第一個產物，是一具致癌性與細胞毒性的化合物。近年來許多流行病學及實驗證據指出，乙醛在飲酒導致上消化道癌症扮演重要的角色。
本研究目的為探討人類ADH及ALDH兩酶族在唾液腺之顎下腺、腮腺、舌下腺及小唾液腺的表現與分佈。應用聚丙烯醯胺膠等電焦集電泳配合酶活性染色測定ADH及ALDH兩酶族在唾液腺的表現型。利用白兔抗人類ADH/ALDH族成員的多株抗血清通過ADH/ALDHsepharose親力層析管柱，得到純化的類別專一性抗體來進行免疫組織化學染色，配合組織化學法來鑑別人類唾液腺ADH與ALDH族酶蛋白質與活性的組織分佈。
聚丙烯醯胺膠等電焦集電泳結果顯示人類唾液腺在ADH酶族中主要表現ADH1B；在ALDH酶族成員方面，ALDH1A1為主要表現型，ALDH2次之，ALDH3A1則最弱。免疫組織化學結果發現ADH1、ALDH1A1、ALDH2及ALDH3A1蛋白質分佈在唾液腺之紋狀管細胞、分泌管細胞、黏液腺泡細胞及漿液腺細胞。組織化學結果顯示ADH1、ALDH1A1、ALDH2及ALDH3A1酶活性主要表現在紋狀管細胞及分泌管細胞，黏液腺泡細胞及漿液腺細胞酶活性表現較不明顯。
唾液腺表現ADH1B同功酶，能有效氧化乙醇生成乙醛，但ALDH1A1及ALDH2表現偏低，能造成乙醛的堆積，可能導致造成唾液腺的酒精性傷害及飲酒後唾液中乙醛濃度的增加。具ADH1B2及缺失ALDH2的東方人在飲酒後乙醇氧化速率增加，而乙醛的氧化速率下降，乙醛堆積可能導致較易因飲酒而造成唾液腺的傷害及增加上消化呼吸道癌症之罹病率。

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are the principal enzymes responsible for metabolism of ethanol in humans. Both enzymes exhibit multiple isozymes with tissue specificity and ethnic distinct allozymes.Acetaldehyde, a cytotoxic and carcinogenic agent, is the immediate metabolite of ethanol metabolism. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that acetaldehyde may play an important role in alcohol-induced carcinogenesis in upper digestive tract.
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate expression pattern and cellular localization of ADH and ALDH families in human submandibular gland, parotid gland, sublingual gland, minor salivary gland.
The isozymes of ADH/ALDH were separated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and identified by staining for enzymes activities. Immunohistochemistry was performed using purified class-specifc rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the respective ADH/ALDH isozymes. Histochemistry was carried out staining for ADH/ALDH isozyme activities. ADH1B and ALDH1A1 were the major isozymes detected, ALDH2 and ALDH3A1 also detected to a lesser intensity in human salivary gland by isoelectric focusing. Immunohistochemistry showed that ADH1, ALDH1A1, ALDH2 and ALDH3A1 were predominantly expressed in the cells of the striated and excretory ducts, and mucous, serous acinus. Histochemistry showed that ADH1, ALDH1A1, ALDH2 and ALDH3A1 were predominantly expressed in the cells of the striated and excretory ducts, and to a lesser extent in the mucous and serous acinus.
Moderate expression of ADH1B and low expression of ALDH1A1 and ALDH2 in human submandibular gland suggest a potential accumulation of acetaldehyde in salivary gland and in the saliva during alcohol consumption, which may contribute to alcohol-induced tissue injury. High-activity ADH1B2 and deficiency in ALDH2 may enhance vulnerability to alcohol-induced salivary gland damage and carcinogenesis in upper digestive tract in East Asians. This influence for ethnic distinction needs further molecular epidemiological studies.

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