本論文提出一款信號反射/回溯掃描陣列。此款陣列之設計初衷乃使之接收來自未知特定方向節點之信號，並將此信號導向任意方向上之節點，使陣列扮演信號中繼點之角色。本論文共提出兩種架構，經過計算及實驗驗證，此兩種架構之表現皆能與設計初衷吻合。
為實現此款信號反射/回溯掃描陣列，吾人乃從信號回溯陣列出發，以陣列因子探究其接收與發射信號間的關係，整理歸納為一通式。為達成波束掃描之目的，乃再將接收信號當作各天線單元之激發，並新創引入一額外相移項，以得到掃描陣列所需陣列因子。經觀察該通式，吾人提出兩種不同的架構，分別為回溯型掃描陣列及反射型掃描陣列，並以數值計算軟體Matlab初步驗證確實可行。
該實驗驗證，乃將可調式相移器、增益放大器、收發天線等構成元件連接整合。為增加量測便利性，吾人引入Arduino測試板，透過程式撰寫，可援用單一開關同時切換多個相移器之狀態，大幅提升實驗驗證的速度。兩種陣列架構之實驗驗證，均顯示模擬與量測響應之適切吻合。該信號反射/回溯掃描陣列，確實可在固定入射角度下，將接收信號於自由空間中以不同角度回傳，展現優異的掃描能力，其掃描範圍達-39 ~ +35 度。實驗結果驗證陣列設計與初衷吻合。

A signal reflecto-/retro-scanning array is proposed in this thesis. The array functions as a signal repeater or relay to receive and re-transmit signals from an unknown incident angle to an arbitrary direction representing a receiving node. Two different configurations have been implemented. The calculated and measured results meet the design goals in both cases.
To realize the signal reflecto-/retro-scanning array, the basic principle of a conventional retrodirective array is first explored as the starting point. The general relationship between the received and re-transmitted signal is then derived. In order to achieve beam-scanning capability, an extra phase shift term is inserted into the connecting lines for exchanging signals for retrodirection. Based on the general formula, two configurations are proposed as follows: retro-type scanning array and reflecto-type scanning array. The concept is preliminarily verified by Matlab and proven by experiments.
In the experiments, all core components such as tunable phase shifters, gain amplifiers and transmitting/receiving antennas are integrated as a whole. An Arduino microcontroller is used for automated measurement so that all phase shifters may switch the states simultaneously by a single trigger. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results in both configurations can be observed. For a given incident angle, the signal reflecto- or retro-scanning array can re-direct received signals to an arbitrary direction pre-defined by the phase shifters. The scanning range is from -39° to +35°. The experimental results verify the uniqueness of the design.

[1] Y. Li and V. Jandhyala, “Design of retrodirective antenna arrays for short-range wireless power transmission,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 206-211, Jan. 2012.
[2] S. J. Chung, S. M. Chen and Y. C. Lee, “A novel bi-directional amplifier with applications in active Van Atta retrodirective arrays,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 542-547, Feb. 2003.
[3] Y.-J. Ren and K. Chang, “New 5.8-GHz circularly polarized retrodirective rectenna arrays for wireless power transmission,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 2970-2976, Jul. 2006.
[4] J. A. Vitaz, A. M. Buerkle, and K. Sarabandi, “Tracking of metallic objects using retro-reflective array at 26 GHz,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 3539-3544, Nov. 2010.
[5] S. N. Hsieh and T. H. Chu, “Linear Retro-directive array antenna using 90° hybrids,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1573-1580, Jun. 2008.
[6] L. Chiu, Q. Xue, and C. H. Chan, “Phase-conjugated arrays using low conversion-loss resistive phase-conjugating mixers and stub-loaded patch antennas,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 56, no. 8, pp.1764-1773, Aug. 2008.
[7] S. C. Yen and T. H. Chu, “A Retro-directive array antenna with phase conjugation circuit using sub-harmonically injection-locked self-oscillating mixers,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 154-164, Jan. 2004.
[8] T. Brabetz, V.F. Fusco, and S. Karode, “Balanced subharmonic mixers for retrodirective-array applications,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 465-469, Mar. 2001.
[9] R. Y. Miyamoto, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, “An active integrated retrodirective transponder for remote information retrieval-on-demand,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 49, no.9, pp. 1658-1662, Sept. 2001.
[10] R. Y. Miyamoto and T. Itoh, “Retrodirective arrays for wireless communications,” IEEE Microw. Mag., vol. 3, pp. 71–79, Mar. 2002.
[11] S.-J Chung, T.-C. Chou, and Y.-N Chiu, “A novel card-type transponder designed using retrodirective antenna array,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., pp.1123–1126, 2001.
[12] H. Matsumoto, “Research on solar power satellites and microwave power transmission in japan,” IEEE Microw. Mag., vol. 3, no. 4, pp.36–45, Dec. 2002.
[13] S. Lim, K. M. K. H. Leong, and T. Itoh, “Adaptive power controllable retrodirective array system for wireless sensor server applications,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 3735–3743, Dec. 2005.
[14] M. Cohn, “A millimeter wave retrodirective transponder for collision/obstacle avoidance and navigation/location,” in Proc. IEEE-IEE Vehicle Navigation Information Systems Conf., Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp.534–538, Oct. 1993.
[15] P. Chen, W. Hong, Z. Kuai, and J. Xu, “A Double Layer Substrate Integrated Waveguide Blass Matrix for Beamforming Applications,” IEEE Trans Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol.19, no.6, pp. 374-376, Jun. 2009.
[16] T. Djerafi, N. J. G. Fonseca, and K. Wu, “Planar ku-Band 4 × 4 Nolen Matrix in SIW Technology,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 259-266, Feb. 2010.
[17] T. N. Kaifas, J. N. Sahalos, “On the design of a single-layer wideband Butler matrix for switched-beam UMTS system applications,” IEEE Antennas Propagt. Mag., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 193-204, Dec. 2006.
[18] C.-C. Chang, R.-H. Lee, and T.-Y. Shih, “Design of a beam switching/steering Butler matrix for phased array system,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 367-374, Feb. 2010.
[19] J. P. Gianvittorio and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “Reconfigurable patch antennas for steerable reflectarray applications”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1388-1392, May 2010.
[20] A. Georgiadis and A. Collado, “Active reconfigurable reflectarray based on voltage-controlled oscillators”, in IEEE Int. Phased Array Syst. Technol. Symp., MA, USA, pp. 700-706, Oct. 2010.
[21] S. Bildik, S. Dieter, C. Fritzsch, W. Menzel and R. Jakoby, “Reconfigurable folded reflectarray antenna based upon liquid crystal technology”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 122-132, Jan. 2015.
[22] G. Perez-Palomino, M. Barba, J. Encinar, R. Cahill, R.Dickie, P. Baine and M. Bain, “Design and demonstration of an electronically scanned reflectarray antenna at 100 GHz using multiresonant cells based on liquid crystals”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 3722-3727, Aug. 2015.
[23] S. N. Hsieh, “Two novel designs of directive and nulling arrays using 90° hybrids”, dissertation, National Taiwan University, Jul. 2009.
[24] The datasheet of digital phase shifter MAPS-010144 [Online].
Available: http://cdn.macom.com/datasheets/MAPS-010144.pdf
[25] The introduction of Arduino Duemilanove board [Online].
Available: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardDuemilanove
[26] 周冠廷，「以雙模態左手合成傳輸線實現多款整合信號回溯/波束切換相位陣列天線」，碩士論文，國立台灣科技大學，民國一百零三年。