石墨烯具有優異的材料特性可應用於許多產業應用。目前已知利用化學氣相沉積生產高品質奈米材料但產率非常低，液相剝離法雖然可提高產率但產物品質不佳。因此開發石墨烯大规模、低成本、可控制的製備方法為落實石墨烯產業應用的一大關鍵。一般而言，液相機械剝離法(超音波震盪)顯然不能滿足未来工業化的需求，因為其反應容器不宜太大，否則震盪效果將大幅下降，導致產率的降低;氧化石墨還原法雖然能夠以相對较低的成本製備出大量的石墨烯，然而石墨烯的電子結構以及晶體的完整性均受到强氧化劑嚴重的破壞，使其電子性質受到影響，一定程度上限制了其在微電子器件方面的應用，因此，如何大量、低成本製備出高質量的石墨烯材料仍然是研究的一個重點。
此研究結合高效率的物理製程及高分散能力的化學配方達到高產率及高品質的石墨烯生產，本論文利用球磨機為主要物理作用力合成奈米材料，並在物理剪應力製程之前導入其他物理作用力(超音波震盪、高速攪拌)增加產率表現，同時藉由具高分散能力的化學配方(共溶劑效應)來降低石墨烯的缺陷。此生產技術具有簡易的操作程序，生產速率快以及純化步驟簡單性等優點，因此可以大量化生產高產率高品質的奈米材料。並且，異質摻雜奈米碳材能提升奈米碳材許多特性，譬如物理、化學、光學、結構特性，使奈米碳材能廣泛應用在電子元件、催化劑、除能裝置、複合材料及生醫方面等應用。然而，現今的摻雜方法通常需要複雜的真空系統，造成成本極高且無法量產，因此，能發展出在常溫常壓下且可控制的異質摻雜奈米碳材技術不僅可提升科學研究水準且更能廣泛應用在不同需求上。本研究使用一簡單的球磨裝置在常溫常壓下發展出異質摻雜奈米碳材的合成方法，並成功摻雜氮元素於石墨烯中。

Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with superior electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties and currently explored in advanced electronics, transparent protective coating, energy storage devices and polymer composites. It is highly desirable to economically produce high-quality graphene in industrial quantities to commercially realize its applications; however, no scalable method exists. Mechanochemical approaches to graphene nanosheets synthesis offer the promise of improved yields, new reaction pathways, and greener and more efficient syntheses, making them potential approaches for low cost production of graphene nanosheets.
Here we report the scalable production of single- and few-layer graphene nanosheets with low defect densities by an efficient water-assisted mechanochemical exfoliation of graphite in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP). The mechanochemical exfoliation could be further improved by applying high speed homogenization and ultrasonication as pretreatments. It is found that the former step homogenized the graphite-solvent solution while the latter provided sufficient energy to weaken the van der Waals interactions and promoted the intercalation of solvent molecules into the graphene sheets within bulk graphite. Significantly, when NMP with water was employed as the cosolvent in the mechanochemical exfoliation, it was found to be possible to produce graphene nanosheets with fewer defects. Detailed materials characterization including transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy suggest that single- and few-layer graphene nanosheets were successfully prepared with the concentration and yield up to 21.9 mg/mL and 43.8%, respectively. The yield may be further improved by optimizing the process conditions. Our work provides a guide of rational design of a solvent system to improve the yield and stability of the exfoliated materials.
Furthermore, the mechanochemical cracking of graphitic C=C bonds generated active carbon species that react directly with melamine to form C-N bonding at the broken edges, leading to edge-nitrogenated graphene nanoplatelets (NGnPs) with superb catalytic performance in both dye-sensitized solar cells and fuel cells to replace conventional Pt-based catalysts for energy conversion.
Heteroatom doping can endow carbon nanomaterials with various enhanced optical, structural, and physicochemical properties, making carbon nanomaterials become a promising material in various applications including nano-electronics, catalysis, energy storage, functional composites, and biomedical applications. However, current synthesis methods usually involve complicated vacuum systems, making it difficult to enable industrial-scale production. Consequently, the development of a controllable synthesis of heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials at atmospheric pressure will lead to important advances on both scientific studies and innovation applications. Therefore, this study demonstrates a simple ball milling method to produce heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterial with heteroatoms nitrogen (N), which is under atmospheric pressure.

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