隨著農村地區勞動力人口老化、勞動力人口短缺，傳統農業的數位化轉型與智慧農業的推動將格外重要。行政院農委會於2016年起推動了「智慧農業 4.0」計畫，希望藉由資訊科技等技術的應用與研發導入，積極整合智慧農業科技公司來協助傳統農業發展農業智慧化。
在所謂傳統農業發展智慧農業的情況下，因為涉及到的是兩個差異很大的產業領域，因此在發展智慧農業的過程中，智慧農業科技公司將會遇到許多合作與發展上的阻礙與邊界限制。而智慧農業科技公司要如何將知識與專業程度不同的兩個領域，促使擁有不同實踐目標的兩個組織走到一起、如何運用有效的跨界管理以及結合了哪些方法策略，來突破合作及發展智慧農業所面臨到的邊界限制將至關重要。
本研究透過個案研究的方式，並以農識國際、鍠麟機械、智食良果三家智慧農業科技公司作為研究分析對象。探討智慧農業科技公司在跨產業的情況下，如何透過靈巧的跨界管理策略來協助傳統農業發展智慧農業，以解決資訊科技產業與傳統農業間邊界的問題。本研究發展出一套智慧農業科技公司與傳統農畜產業合作所需要之靈巧跨界管理機制，提供後續資訊科技產業、智慧農業科技公司協助傳統農業發展智慧農業之過程該如何成功實踐跨界管理作為參考之依據。

As rural areas face aging and labor shortages, the digital transformation of traditional agriculture and the promotion of Smart Agriculture become increasingly important. Since 2016, the Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, has launched the "Smart Agriculture 4.0" plan, aiming to introduce and develop IT-enabled technologies and actively integrate smart agricultural technology companies to assist the development of intelligent agriculture.
In the context of transforming traditional agriculture into Smart Agriculture, because it involves two greatly different industry fields, many cooperation and development obstacles and boundary restrictions will be encountered in the process of developing Smart Agriculture. It is crucial how these technology companies manage to bring two organizations with different knowledge levels and professional fields, and different practice goals together. How to effectively apply Boundary Spanning and what strategies are used to break through the boundary restrictions faced in the cooperation and development of Smart Agriculture is a vital aspect.
This study uses the case study method, and SMARTAGRI INTEGRATION SERVICE, HUANG LIN MACHINERY, and KIAO FARMING, three smart agricultural technology companies, as the subjects of research and analysis. It explores how IT companies, in cross-industry situations, help traditional agriculture develop Smart Agriculture through ambidextrous boundary spanning strategies to solve boundary issues between the IT industry and traditional agriculture.
This research develops a set of ambidextrous boundary spanning mechanisms necessary for smart agricultural technology companies to cooperate with traditional agricultural and livestock industries. It provides a reference for how the IT industry and smart agricultural technology companies can successfully practice boundary spanning in the process of assisting traditional agriculture to develop into Smart Agriculture.

中文部分
楊智凱, 施瑩艷, & 楊舒涵. (2016). 以智慧科技邁向臺灣農業 4.0 時代. 農政與農情.
楊純明. (2008). 精準農業─ 引領農業永續之正途. 作物, 環境與生物資訊.
姚銘輝, 楊智凱, & 呂椿棠. (2018). 農試所農作物災害早期預警系統及 APP 於 5 月起正式上線, 提供農民更即時與完整之災害資訊. 技術服務.
陳向明. (2002). 社会科學質的硏究. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司.
 
英文部分
Anderson, C. (2010). Presenting and evaluating qualitative research. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 74(8), 141.
Barkema, H. G., & Vermeulen, F. (1998). International expansion through start-up or acquisition: A learning perspective. Academy of Management journal, 41(1), 7-26.
Barua, A., Konana, P., Whinston, A. B., & Yin, F. (2004). An empirical investigation of net-enabled business value. MIS quarterly, 585-620.
Barua, A., Konana, P., Whinston, A. B., & Yin, F. (2004). Assessing internet enabled business value: An exploratory investigation. MIS quarterly, 28(4), 585-620.
Baumüller, H. (2018). The little we know: an exploratory literature review on the utility of mobile phone‐enabled services for smallholder farmers. Journal of International Development, 30(1), 134-154.
Bellon-Maurel, V., & Huyghe, C. (2016). L’innovation technologique dans l’agriculture. Géoéconomie, (3), 159-180.
Birner, R., Daum, T., & Pray, C. (2021). Who drives the digital revolution in agriculture? A review of supply‐side trends, players and challenges. Applied economic perspectives and policy, 43(4), 1260-1285.
Carlile, P. R. (2002). A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: Boundary objects in new product development. Organization science, 13(4), 442-455.
Chetty, S. (1996). The case study method for research in small-and medium-sized firms. International small business journal, 15(1), 73-85.
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human relations, 53(6), 747-770.
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
Dane, E. (2010). Reconsidering the trade-off between expertise and flexibility: A cognitive entrenchment perspective. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 579-603.
Duncan, B. L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping of Blacks. Journal of personality and social psychology, 34(4), 590.
Ernst, C., & Chrobot-Mason, D. (2010). Boundary spanning leadership: Six practices for solving problems, driving innovation, and transforming organizations. McGraw Hill Professional.
Fiedler, F. E. (1995). Cognitive resources and leadership performance. Applied Psychology, 44(1), 5-28.
Finger, R., Swinton, S. M., El Benni, N., & Walter, A. (2019). Precision farming at the nexus of agricultural production and the environment. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 11, 313-335.
Gao, B. C., & Goetz, A. F. (1990). Column atmospheric water vapor and vegetation liquid water retrievals from airborne imaging spectrometer data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 95(D4), 3549-3564.
Ghemawat, P. (2007). Redefining global strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. Harvard Business Press.
Hernes, T. (2005). Four ideal-type organizational responses to New Public Management reforms and some consequences. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 71(1), 5-17.
Jansen, J. J., Van den Bosch, F. A., & Volberda, H. W. (2005). Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and ambidexterity: The impact of environmental and organizational antecedents. Schmalenbach Business Review, 57, 351-363.
Klein, H. K., & Myers, M. D. (1999). A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems. MIS quarterly, 23(1), 67-93.
Koskinen, K. U., & Mäkinen, S. (2009). Role of boundary objects in negotiations of project contracts. International Journal of Project Management, 27(1), 31-38.
Lambert, D. M., & Cooper, M. C. (2000). Issues in supply chain management. Industrial marketing management, 29(1), 65-83.
Levinthal, D., & March, J. G. (1981). A model of adaptive organizational search. Journal of economic behavior & organization, 2(4), 307-333.
Li, X., & Xing, L. (2019). Use of unmanned aerial vehicles for livestock monitoring based on streaming K-means clustering. Ifac-Papersonline, 52(30), 324-329.
Lowenberg‐DeBoer, J., & Swinton, S. M. (1997). Economics of site‐specific management in agronomic crops. The state of site specific management for agriculture (pp. 369-396). ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Nevo, S., & Wade, M. R. (2010). The formation and value of IT-enabled resources: antecedents and consequences of synergistic relationships. MIS quarterly, 163-183.
Newman, D. (2003). On borders and power: A theoretical framework. Journal of borderlands studies, 18(1), 13-25.
Pan, S. L., & Tan, B. (2011). Demystifying case research: A structured–pragmatic–situational (SPS) approach to conducting case studies. Information and organization, 21(3), 161-176.
Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health services research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189.
Paulsen, N., & Hernes, T. (Eds.). (2003). Managing boundaries in organizations (pp. 14-34). London, UK:: Palgrave Macmillan.
Phene, A., Fladmoe‐Lindquist, K., & Marsh, L. (2006). Breakthrough innovations in the US biotechnology industry: the effects of technological space and geographic origin. Strategic management journal, 27(4), 369-388.
Pitelis, C. N. (2007). A behavioral resource-based view of the firm: The synergy of Cyert and March (1963) and Penrose (1959). Organization Science, 18(3), 478-490.
Powell, T. C., & Dent‐Micallef, A. (1997). Information technology as competitive advantage: The role of human, business, and technology resources. Strategic management journal, 18(5), 375-405.
Prahalad, C. K., & Krishnan, M. S. (2008). The new age of innovation. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.
Rist, R. C. (1977). On the relations among educational research paradigms: From disdain to detente. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 8(2), 42-49.
Rose, D. C., & Chilvers, J. (2018). Agriculture 4.0: Broadening responsible innovation in an era of smart farming. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2, 87.
Rosenkopf, L., & Nerkar, A. (2001). Beyond local search: boundary‐spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic management journal, 22(4), 287-306.
Silva, L., & Hirschheim, R. (2007). Fighting against windmills: Strategic information systems and organizational deep structures. Mis Quarterly, 327-354.
Smith, J. K. (1983). Quantitative versus qualitative research: An attempt to clarify the issue. Educational researcher, 12(3), 6-13.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology: An overview.
Tellis, W. (1997). Application of a case study methodology. The qualitative report, 3(3), 1-19.
Thomas, G. (2011). A typology for the case study in social science following a review of definition, discourse, and structure. Qualitative inquiry, 17(6), 511-521.
Tullo, E., Finzi, A., & Guarino, M. (2019). Environmental impact of livestock farming and Precision Livestock Farming as a mitigation strategy. Science of the total environment, 650, 2751-2760.
Van de Ven, A. H., Delbecq, A. L., & Koenig Jr, R. (1976). Determinants of coordination modes within organizations. American sociological review, 322-338.
Walter, A., Finger, R., Huber, R., & Buchmann, N. (2017). Smart farming is key to developing sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(24), 6148-6150.
Wathes, C. M., Kristensen, H. H., Aerts, J. M., & Berckmans, D. (2008). Is precision livestock farming an engineer's daydream or nightmare, an animal's friend or foe, and a farmer's panacea or pitfall?. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 64(1), 2-10.
Wernerfelt, B. (1995). The resource‐based view of the firm: Ten years after. Strategic management journal, 16(3), 171-174.
Wilden, R., Hohberger, J., Devinney, T. M., & Lavie, D. (2018). Revisiting James March (1991): whither exploration and exploitation?. Strategic Organization, 16(3), 352-369.
Wolcott, H. F. (1994). Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation. Sage.
Wolfert, S., Ge, L., Verdouw, C., & Bogaardt, M. J. (2017). Big data in smart farming–a review. Agricultural systems, 153, 69-80.
Yin, R. K. (1989). Interorganizational Partnerships in Local Job Creation and Job Training Efforts: Six Case Studies. Final Report.
Yin, R. K. (1992). The case study method as a tool for doing evaluation. Current sociology, 40(1), 121-137.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). sage.
Zahra, S. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. (2000). International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning, and performance. Academy of Management journal, 43(5), 925-950.
Zarco-Tejada, P. J., Hubbard, N., & Loudjani, P. (2014). Precision agriculture: an opportunity for EU farmers—potential support with the CAP 2014–2020. Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission.
 
網路部分
1.農識國際，官方網站，https://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/indicator/Indicator.aspx
2.鍠麟機械有限公司，官方網站，http://www.huanglin.com.tw/
3.智食良果，官方網站，https://www.kiaofarming.com/
4.農業統計服務中心(National Agricultural Statistics Service, NASS)，https://www.nass.usda.gov/
5.行政院農業委員會農業試驗所，(2023)，智農是什麼，https://www.intelligentagri.com.tw/xmdoc/cont?xsmsid=0J164373919378174143
6.農業科技決策資訊平台，(2023)，什麼是氣候智慧型農業，https://agritech-foresight.atri.org.tw/article/contents/4229
7.行政院農委會，新世代農業-農業八年施政成果，https://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2504081
8.行政院農委會，以智慧科技邁向臺灣農業4.0時代，https://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505139