The piezoelectric ceramics are investigated under the thermal effect. The thermo-electro-mechanical with mechanical properties is established based on governing equations and linear piezoelectricity. PZT or lead zirconate titanate is one of the most widely used piezoelectric ceramic material. The heat is distributed on the PZT under the self-heating in resonance and heating chamber. Under the resonant frequency of vibration, the internal heat caused by the mechanical and dielectric loss as converting thermal energy to change the mechanical properties so called self-heating. As the temperature rising in the PZT could affect the material aging and thermal damage, the properties of the PZT is determined in vary temperature without exceeding curie temperature upon heating. The thermal distribution pattern detected by the thermography is used to examine. Together with the self-heating process, the PZT is heated inside the heating chamber under stable heat distributing condition. Likewise, the thermography result is used to interpret the temperature gradient on the surface of the PZT. After heating at a certain temperature, piezoelectric constant d33 and capacitance Cs coefficients, respectively, are collected by the d33 meter and impedance analyzer. In addition, the impedance curves also observed on the changes of resonant frequency, anti-resonant frequency, and electromechanical coupling coefficient. The mechanical properties and piezoelectric constants of soft and hard PZT plates are compared under the mentioned experiment. The thermal stress induced by the temperature distribution in the PZT is observed by photoelasticity. The thermal stress concentration field is analyzed as applied voltage under the self-heating. This stress value can be used for safety reason in the material working condition to not reach failure.

The piezoelectric ceramics are investigated under the thermal effect. The thermo-electro-mechanical with mechanical properties is established based on governing equations and linear piezoelectricity. PZT or lead zirconate titanate is one of the most widely used piezoelectric ceramic material. The heat is distributed on the PZT under the self-heating in resonance and heating chamber. Under the resonant frequency of vibration, the internal heat caused by the mechanical and dielectric loss as converting thermal energy to change the mechanical properties so called self-heating. As the temperature rising in the PZT could affect the material aging and thermal damage, the properties of the PZT is determined in vary temperature without exceeding curie temperature upon heating. The thermal distribution pattern detected by the thermography is used to examine. Together with the self-heating process, the PZT is heated inside the heating chamber under stable heat distributing condition. Likewise, the thermography result is used to interpret the temperature gradient on the surface of the PZT. After heating at a certain temperature, piezoelectric constant d33 and capacitance Cs coefficients, respectively, are collected by the d33 meter and impedance analyzer. In addition, the impedance curves also observed on the changes of resonant frequency, anti-resonant frequency, and electromechanical coupling coefficient. The mechanical properties and piezoelectric constants of soft and hard PZT plates are compared under the mentioned experiment. The thermal stress induced by the temperature distribution in the PZT is observed by photoelasticity. The thermal stress concentration field is analyzed as applied voltage under the self-heating. This stress value can be used for safety reason in the material working condition to not reach failure.

References

1. Ashida, Fumihiro., Choi, Jeong-seok., Noda, Naotake., (1997). Control of elastic displacement in piezoelectricbased intelligent plate subjected to thermal load. Inf. J. Engng Sci., 35, 851-868
2. Baptista, Fabricio G., Budoya, Danilo E., de Almeida, Vinicius A. D., Ulson, Jose Alfredo C., (2014). An experimental study on the effect of temperature on piezoelectric sensors for impedance-based structural health monitoring. Sensors 2014, 14, 1208-1227
3. Bilgunde, Prathamesh N., Bond, Leonard J., (2018). Resonance analysis of a high temperature piezoelectric disc for sensitivity characteriazation. Ultrasonics, 87, 103-111
4. Birman, Victor., (1996). Thermal effects on measurements of dynamic processes in composite structures using piezoelectric sensors. Smart Mater. Struct., 5, 379–385.
5. Doyle, James F., Phillips, James W., (1989). Manual on experimental stress analysis
6. Erturk, Alper., Inman, Daniel J., (2011). Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
7. Freire, José L.F., Voloshin, Arkady., Photoelasticity. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
8. Giannopoulos, G., Santafe, F., Monreal, J., Vantomme, J., (2007). Thermal, electrical, mechanical coupled mechanics for initial buckling analysis of smart plates and beams using discrete layer kinematics. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44, 4707–4722
9. Horchidan, N., Ciomaga, C.E., Frunza, R.C., Capiani, C., Galassi, C., Mitoseriu L., (2016). A comparative study of hard/soft PZT-based ceramic composites. Ceramics International
10. Huang, Tai-rong., (2015). 積層製造材料與噴頭壓電陶瓷之異向性力學材料常數量測
11. Jachalke, S., Mehner, E., Stocker, H., Hanzig, J., Sonntag, M., Weigel, T., Leisegang, T., Meyer, D. C., (2017). How to measure the pyroelectric coefficient?. Applied Physics Reviews, 4, 021303
12. Jain, Yash., Kumar, Saurabh., Sengar, Nitish., (2017). Experimental analysis of thermal stress using alternative polariscope. International Journal for ReseaArch in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 45.98, 2321-9653
13. Kim, Seon-Bae., Park, Jung-Hyun., Ahn, Hosang., Liu, Dan., Kim, Dong-Joo., (2011). Temperature effects on output power of piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters. Microelectronics Journal, 42, 988-991
14. Kivirand, Teet., (2015). Method for measuring piezoelectric charge coefficients.
15. Li, Fei., Xu, Zhuo., Wei, Xiaoyong., Yao, Xi., (2009). Determination of temperature dependence of piezoelectric coefficients matrix lead zirconate titanate ceramics by quasi-static and resonance method. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 42, 095417
16. Liu, Jian., Pantelides, Sokrates T., (2018). Mechanisms of pyroelectricity in three- and two-dmensional materials. Physicals Reviews Letter, 120, 207602
17. Lee, Ho-Jun., Saravanos, Dimitris A., (1997). The effect of temperature dependent material properties on the response of piezoelectric plates. NASA/TM, 206216
18. Mindlin, R.D., (1973). Equations of high frequency vibrations of thermopiezoelctric crystal plates. Int. J. Solids Structures. 10, 625-637
19. Miclea, C., Tanasoiu, C., Amarande, L., Miclea, C.F., Plavitu, C., Cioangher, M., Trupina, L., Miclea, C.T., David, C., (2007). Effect of Temperature on The Main Piezoelectric Parameters of A Soft PZT Ceramic. Romanian Journal Of Information Science And Technology, 10, 243-250
20. Oh, Jinho., Cho, Maenghyo., (2007). Higher order zig-zag theory for smart composite shellsunder mechanical-thermo-electric loading. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44, 100-127
21. Singh, Baljeet., (2005). On the theory of generalized thermoelasticity for piezoelectric materials. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 171, 398-405
22. Srinivasan, M R., (1984). Pyroelectric materials. Bull. Mater. Sci., 6, 317-325
23. Stevenson, T., Martin, D.G., Cowin, P.I., Blumfield, A., Bell, A.J., Comyn, T.P., Weaver, P.M. Weaver., (2015). Piezoelectric materials for high temperature transducers and actuators. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 26, 9256-9267
24. Wang, Xun., Xue, Chun-Xia., Li, Hai-Tao., Nonlinear primary resonance analysis for a coupled thermo-piezoelectric-mechanical model of piezoelectric rectangular thin plates. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
25. Zhou, Su-Wei., Rogers, Craig A., (1995). Heat Generation, temperature, and thermal sress of structurally integrated piezo-actuators. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 6, 0372-08